Ø XO-XX system is found in grasshopper
Ø X-ray crystallography of purified DNA is revealed by? Wilkins, Franklin
Ø X-rays as mutagen was 1st used by? Muller.
Ø Y- Radiated papaya variety commercialized is? Pusa Nanha.
Ø Yellow mice is an example of dominant lethal condition.
Ø Z scheme was given by Hilla and Bendall.
Ø Z test is used when sample size is large.
Ø The science that deals with principles of heredity and variation is called as Genetics
Ø The passing of traits from parents to their offspring is called as Heredity
Ø The transmission of genetic information from parents and ancestors to offspring is called as Inheritance
Ø The differences among individuals of a single species for a particular character's is called as – Variation.
Ø The unit of inheritance is – Gene.
Ø Theory of pangenesis was proposed by – Darwin.
Ø The concept of Genotype and Phenotype was introduced by Johannsen.
Ø The first man to produce first artificial hybrid plant was Thomas Fairchild.
Ø The dominant forms in F1 and segregation of various characters in F2. This statement was given by Knight.
Ø Hybrids races and species &ants are often luxuriant than either of the parents, this statement was given by – Naudin.
Ø Who discovered nucleus in the flowering plants Brown Robert.
Ø Who proposed mitosis in cell Flemming.
Ø Who worked with Mirabilis Jalapa (4'0' clock plant) and established the first conclusive example for Extrachromosomal inheritance? Carl Erich Correns.
Ø The evidence for semiconservative replication of DNA was first presented by Meselson and Stahl in 1958
Ø Bridges discovered genic balance theory of sex determination and gene duplication in Drosophila.
Ø The X-rays speed up the natural process of mutation is given by Muller, H.J.
Ø Who discovered transposons jumping genes in Maize Barbara Mc Clintock.
Ø The term cistron was coined by – Benzer.
Ø The development of haploid embryos/plantlets from pollen grains is termed as Androgenesis.
Ø Who Proposed the central Dogma of Molecular Biology - F.H.C. Crick (1958)
Ø Main function of cell is definite shape; mechanical support and strength to tissues and organs
Ø Primary cell wall lies between middle lamella and plasma lemma
Ø Secondary cell wall lies between primary cell wall and plasma lemma.
Ø Membrane enclosing cytoplasm of cell is known as-plasma lemma or plasma membrane
Ø The model of unit membrane organization was given by Davson -Danieli.
Ø Function of plasma membrane is to-Regulate movement of various molecules into and out of cytoplasm
Ø A mechanism by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents known as Pinocytosis
Ø The ions are transported into the cytoplasm without energy used as ATP, this process is known as - Passive transport
Ø Vacuole sac is bounded by a single membrane called Tonoplast.
Ø Function of vacuole is storage of various substances including waste products
Ø The organ which contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes is -Lysosomes.
Ø The nickname of lysosome is also known as Suicide bags.
Ø Master control of cellular functions via its genetic material (DNA) is Nucleus.
Ø The non-chromatin components of the nucleus containing materials for building DNA and messenger RNA is known as Nucleoplasm.
Ø The storage depots for food molecules, such as starches or oils is Leucoplasts.
Ø The process of reproduction or formation of new cells from the pre-existing cells is referred to as cell division.
Ø The process that involves reduction in chromosome number is - Meiosis
Ø The phase between telophase and S phase is referred to as G1 phase.
Ø Under which phase protein and RNA synthesis takes place- G1 phase and G2 phase.
Ø Under which phase chromosome and DNA replication takes place S phase.
Ø Resting phase after DNA replication, is also called - Post DNA replication phase (G2 phase)
Ø Who coined the term Mitosis and he was the first to study cell division-Flemming (1882)
Ø The nucleus of a dividing somatic cell undergoes a series of changes called - Mitosis
Ø The suitable materials for studying Mitosis is Root tips/ shoot tips
Ø Complete synaptonemal complex is found in which stage – Zygotene.
Ø Synthesis of DNA is completed in Meiosis Zygotene
Ø The Division of the nucleus is called as Karyokinesis.
Ø The first visible step in nuclear division in mitosis is Prophase.
Ø The movement of chromosomes to the middle and their orientation on the equatorial plate is termed as- Metakinesis.
Ø The last visible stage of nuclear division in mitosis is- Telophase.
Ø The process happens either through the formation of a cell plate in between the two newly formed daughter nucleus known as Cytokinesis.
Ø The longest stage of cell division is – Interphase.
Ø The shortest phase of mitosis is Anaphase.
Ø The production of identical progenies in vegetatively propagated crops is due to Mitosis.
Ø The reduction in chromosome number takes place during cell division is known as Meiosis
Ø Who was the first to point out the reduction of chromosome number in the reproductive cells Weisman
Ø Meiosis I results in reduction in chromosome number in each new cell to half of the mother cell, referred to as- Reductional division
Ø In which stage of meiosis does the synapsis take place – Zygotene.
Ø There is a reciprocal exchange of segments between homologous non sister chromatids called Crossing over.
Ø The crossing over take place in meiosis at which phase- Pachytene.
Ø The chiasma becomes clearly visible at which phase- Diplotene.
Ø In organisms that reproduce sexually, once sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the resultant cell is called as Zygote.
Ø The process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilized ovule by asymmetric cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells into tissues and organs is known as - Plant embryogenesis.
Ø The structure of chromosome was discovered by - Strasburger (1875)
Ø The term chromosome was coined by - Waldeyer (1888)
Ø Somatic chromosome number - 2n.
Ø Gametic chromosome number – n.
Ø The basic chromosome number is - 2x.
Ø Lowest 2n = 4 in - Haplopappus gracilis of Compositae.
Ø Highest 2n=>1200 in Ophioglossum of Pteridophyta.
Ø Unusual forms of chromosomes (species specific) - Lampbrush chromosomes, Polytene chromosomes, B chromosomes.
Ø The DNA shows negative charge due to Phosphate group.
Ø The basic structural unit of chromatin – Nucleosome.
Ø Human blood group type is an example of - Multiple alleles.
Ø The variation in heterochromatin level helps in studying the – Biodiversity.
Ø The change in total DNA amount due to repeated DNA sequences of heterochromatin results in – Evolution.
Ø Sister chromatids derived from the same chromosome while Non-sister chromatids are from - Homologous chromosomes.
Ø Some heavily stained, bead-like projections are seen along the entire length of the chromosome called Chromomeres.
Ø The term telomere was coined by - H.J. Muller.
Ø Function of telomere is to - Stop chromosome degradation.
Ø Telomeres can be stained by T-banding technique.
Ø The unit representing a map unit between the linked gene – Centi Morgan
Ø A group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry is called as Clade
Ø Nucleolus staining is visualized by Silver Nitrate.
Ø Classification of chromosomes on the basis of the position of the centromere decides the shape of chromosome: Metacentric: two equal arms - V shaped Submetacentric: sub median position - L shaped Acrocentric: before end - J shaped Telocentric: towards end - rod-shaped
Ø Classification of chromosomes on the basis of the number of centromeres: Monocentric (one centromere usual) Dicentric (two centromeres - wheat) Polycentric (many centromeres - Ascaris) Acentric (without centromere do not survive)
Ø Photomicrographs of the chromosome of a single somatic metaphase cell are clipped out and arranged in homologous pairs according to their size known as Karyogram
Ø The graphical representation of the karyotype is referred to as Ideogram
ØTechniques for identifying specific chromosome segments - Fluorescent staining, Chromosome banding
Ø The chromosome that is darkly stained at interphase - Heterochromatin
Ø The chromosome that is lightly staining at interphase - Euchromatin
Ø Stage of embryo preferred for production of synthetic seeds is Torpedo.
Ø Sophisticated method of precision phenotyping of drought tolerance by finding plant water status and difference in stomatal conductance is measured by Infrared thermography.
Ø Transgressive segregation is seen for the trait in the progeny is greater than or lower than parents.
Ø Minimum germination percentage required in certified seeds of cotton hybrids and varities is 65.
Ø The collection of one or more outcomes from an experiment is called as Event.
Ø Pustovoit model (Renovation model) is used for genetic purity testing of sunflower.
Ø Apospory is generally observed in Mango.
Ø RFLP is the technique by which the following can be known in GM crop – No of copies of gene inserted.
Ø The main feature of amphidiploidy High fertility.
Ø Double zero quality mustard oil is free from Erucic acid and glucosinolate.
Ø In cereal infloroscence the most water use efficient part of spike is – awn.
Ø In India all seed offered for sale on the seed market should compulsorily be Labelled.
Ø Desiccation tolerant seed is Maize.
Ø In offspring parent regression analysis the variable which is considered as independent variable is – phenotye of parent(s).
Ø The early seed vigour in case of cereals is highly correlated to Alpha amylase.
Ø Movement of hydrogen atom from one position in a purine or pyramidine to another position is referred to as tautomeric shift.
Ø PCA analysis considers total variance and transforms the original variables into smaller sets of linear combinations.
Ø Gene for gene hypothesis was established in linseed crop.
Ø PET 1 is the male sterility cytoplasm that is commercially exploited in Sunflower.
Ø Father of hybrid Rice Yuan lang ping.
Ø Wheat the protein imparting softness in grain is contributed by D genome.
Ø During physical purity testing seed less than half of it own specified size is considered as inert matter.
Ø The number of generations in developing a variety by backcross breeding can be reduced by Foreground and Background selection.
Ø Brine solution seed treatment is given for seed disinfestation against nematode.
Ø S. malabaricum is the crop wild relative of sesame which is a donor for cytoplasmic male sterility.
Ø While proceeding the relationship between the mean of different combination of generations the relationship of A scaling test is represented as 2B2- F1- P2 =0
Ø A balanced heterosis arises from over dominant gene action.
Ø Lettuce seeds exhibit photo dormancy.
Ø Plant pigment involved in seed germination is Phytochrome.
Ø Provision for self certification of seed lots has been proposed in seed bill 2004.
Ø Indian institute of pulses research is located at Kanpur.
Ø The third component of cell theory (all cell arises from pre-existing cells) was given by Rudolf Virchow.
Ø In india seed was recognized as an essential commodity during the year 1983.
Ø When the true to type single plants / ears / pods are selected from the field of nucleus seed of a variety and grown as progeny row and the seeds from true to the type progeny rows are composited to constitute Nucleus seed stage I.
Ø Enzyme involved in tetrazolium test reaction is Dehydrogenase.
Ø Andromonecious flowers are found in sorghum
Ø The osmotic regulator used in slow growth of media during invitro conservation of plants is Manitol.
Ø Seed used for seed multiplication should be purchased from Authentic seed production organization.
Ø In pedigree breeding using DNA markers the trait can be fixed even in F2 generation.
Ø Dispersal of ants is known as Myrmecochory.
Ø Zoochory is the dispersal of diaspores by animals.
Ø Chiropterochory (chiropterochorous) referring to diaspores that are carried away from the plant by bats.
Ø Raindrop is pollinating agent in Black pepper
Ø Genes located in particular chromosome can be detected using Trisomic lines.
Ø Casual organism for karnal bunt of wheat is Nevossia indica.
Ø Hybrids in cross pollinated crops are produced using specific combining ability.
Ø Protogynous flowering is observed in pearl millet.
Ø Disease resistant lines of wheat that are phenotypically similar during non-diseased condition are called as Multilines.
Ø Pollen shedder is common contaminant in hybrid seed production lots of sunflower.
Ø While analysing the variance for complete block trial the additive model which explains how the plot value arise is TOTAL SS = Replication SS + Variety SS + Residual SS.
Ø The genetic materialin human polio virus is RNA.
Ø Co dominant markers help to identify the recessive mutations in early as M1 generation of plants.
Ø The minimum genetic purity standard for foundation seed class is 99 %.
Ø Cliestogamy is a condition were flower does not open at all.
Ø The phage plaque method is adopted for detection of seed borne is virus.
Ø Headquarter of ISTA is located Switzerland.
Ø Crop ideotype refers Ideal plant type.
Ø The maximum limit if visible insect damage allowed for certified seed of legumes is 1.00%.
Ø Hetrosis in seed propagated plants can be fixed by Apomixis.
Ø Most commonly used genetic stocks in chromosome substitution lines are Monosomics.
Ø Present PPVFRA chairman is Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra
Ø In dihybrid cross the propotion of double recessive homozygotes in F2 is 1/16.
Ø The progeny of single homozygous self-pollinated plant is known as Inbred line.
Ø The method used for fixation of heterosis are apomixis, polyploid and asexual reproduction.
Ø Triploids are normally sterile.
Ø Rimpu made the intergeneric cross between Bread wheat and Rye.
Ø An amphidiploid between B nigra and B campestris is B juncea.
Ø Ratio of economic yield to biological yield is Harvest index.
Ø GMS male sterility is highly unstable.
Ø Self pollination refers to Autogamy.
Ø Allogamy is promoted by Dichiogamy, herkogamy and Male sterility.
Ø Practical use of male sterile line of a plant is to produce Hybrid variety.
Ø The immediate effect of pollen on the character of endosperm is Xenia.
Ø A fertilized mature ovule which poses a embryonic plant food reserves and protective coating in plant species is seed.
Ø When only undesirable off type plants are removed from the field and rest are allowed to grow further is known as Negative mass selection.
Ø Introduction that can be used for commercial cultivar as a variety without changing in the original genotype is referred as direct introduction.
Ø When we want to transfer a single gene from undesirable variety into a well-adapted agronomically desirable variety the most suitable breeding method is Backcross.
Ø In mitotic cycle of nuclear division DNA synthesis takes place in S phase.
Ø Polymeric gene interaction gives a ratio of 9:6:1.
Ø Term gene was coined by Johansen.
Ø Common form of DNA present in living organism is B form.
Ø DNA replicating enzyme in bacteria is DNA Pol III.
Ø Type of seeds generally used by farmers for cultivation is certified seeds.
Ø The germination in which cotyledon seeds remain in the soil is hypogeal.
Ø Seed act was passed in 1966.
Ø Quick seed viability test is tetrazolium test.
Ø Seed with no endosperm is Exalubuminous.
Ø The outcome of crossing of two desimilar genotye is Hybrid.
Ø The first step of hybridization is selection of parents.
Ø Suction method of emasculation is successful in small flowers.
Ø Hybrid rice was first developed in china 1974.
Ø Detasseling is mechanical type of pollination control.
Ø Number of single crosses when 3 inbred used = n(n-1)/2 is 3.
Ø ICPH 8 is first hybrid of pigeon pea.
Ø Isolation distance for foundation seed of sunflower is 400m.
Ø Design which forms squares is Latin square design.
Ø Father of tissue culture G. Habertlandt.
Ø First gene expressed in Transgenic tobacco is aadA gene (Antibiotic resistant gene)
Ø Chromosome pairing and crossing over takes place in prophase I.
Ø Gametophytic self incompatability was first reported in Nicotiana sanderae.
Ø Transcriptive factor gene in Maize is opaque 2.
Ø Paleopolyploidy is observed in Brassica.
Ø Shrunken 2(sh2) gene is the gene in super sweetener corn gene.
Ø Term somaclonal variation is given by Larkin and Skowcraft.
Ø Aim of maintenance breeding is to maintain the genetic and physical purity of released and notified varieties.
Ø Purpose of preparation of CDNA libraries to isolate gene of interest.
Ø Selection which removes extreme varities from population is stabilizing selection.
Ø Homeologous chromosome are found in wheat.
Ø Haploids always show weak phenotype.
Ø Gene for Vit A in Maize kernel is crtRB1.
Ø Secondary triticale is obtained from Triticale x Wheat.
Ø GI tag registry office headquarters is located at Chennai.
Ø Barnase and barnster gene is isolated from Bacillus amiloquefaciens.
Ø Markers used for high throughput phenotyping is SNP markers.
Ø PAR range for rice is 400-700.
Ø Total accessions are present in Base collection.
Ø RBD design controls fertility gradient in one way direction.
Ø Triple test cross is modification of NCD III.
Ø Minimum infection of hypothesis karyotype evolution tends towards as increasing number of telocentric chromosomes.
Ø Sodium ions play a pivotal role in abiotic stress signalling.
Ø Pre-breeding refers to all the activities designed to identify the desirable characteristics from unadpted materials that cannot be used directly in breeding populations and to transfer these traits to an intermediate set of materials that breeders can use further.
Ø R banding technique is reverse of Q and G banding techniques.
Ø Gene which causes male sterility in Bajra is Tift 23A.
Ø Haploid is very weak progeny.
Ø Genes have common activity but not a common origin is analogous.
Ø In banana first, edible vaccine was developed.
Ø Disadvantage of CRD is that it cannot be used in field condition.
Ø In secondary trisomics extra chromosome is Isochromosome.
Ø International biological day is celebrated on 22 may.
