Ø The term Genomics was coined by? Thomas Roderick (1986). The term Genetics was coined by? Bateson (1905).
Ø The term Heterosis given by? Shull in 1914.
Ø The term Lysosome was 1st used by? Duve (1955).
Ø The term meiosis was coined by? Farmer & Moore (1905).
Ø The term mitosis was coined by? Flemming (1882).
Ø The term recurrent selection was coined by? Hull in 1945.
Ø The term self-incompatibility was coined by? Stout.
Ø The theory of Acquired characteristic was proposed by? Lamarck.
Ø The theory of inheritance was proposed by? G.J Mendel.
Ø The three states of variability i.e. free, homozygotic and heterozygotic potential variability are at equilibrium in which system of mating? Random mating.
Ø The toxic compound in Lathyrus (Khesari) is? BOAA.
Ø The two strands of DNA helix are held together by? Hydrophobic forces.
Ø The unit in which mutation occurs? Muton.
Ø The variety became susceptible when the appropriate Pathotypes evolved in the pathogen leading to a nearly complete failure of the crop; such a total failure of vertical resistance leading to a disease epidemic is known as Vertifolia effect.
Ø The world’s first pigeon pea hybrid ICPH-8 was developed in 1997 from? ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
Ø The Pribnow box is a sequence of TATAAT of six nucleotides.
Ø Theory of acquired characters were put forth by Lamarck (1744-1829).
Ø Theory of epigenesis was proposed by Wolff (1738-1794).
Ø Theory of evolution through natural selection was given by? C. Darwin and A.R. Wallace (1858)
Ø Theory of pangenesis was proposed by Charles Darwin (1809-1882).
Ø There are 8 Vavilov centres of diversity.
Ø Thermal degradation of biomass in to volatile and non-volatile products prior to combustion? Pyrolysis.
Ø Thumb and nail method of emasculation is mostly followed in cotton.
Ø Thymine cytosine uracil pyrimidines with single ring.
Ø Tift 23 is important source of male sterility in pearl millet.
Ø Tift60 and combine kafir 60 is important source of male sterility in sorghum.
Ø Tilling is a reverse genetic approach that combines chemical mutagenesis with PCR based screening to identify point mutation in the area of interest
Ø To distinguish a double crossover product we need at least three genes on a linkage group.
Ø To ensure reproductive success the crop plants has to attract pollinators.
Ø Tomato is self pollinated and flowers are not attractive whereas in potato, brinjal and tobacco flowers are some extent attractive.
Ø Total accession is present in base collection.
Ø Total haploid content per nucleus is C value.
Ø Toxic substance in alfalfa is? Saponin and plant estrogen.
Ø Toxin present in cotton is gossypol.
Ø Toxin present in Rapeseed and Mustard is erucic acid.
Ø Toxin present in soybean is goitrogens.
Ø Techniques for identifying specific chromosome segments are Fluorescent staining and chromosome banding.
Ø Telomeres can be stained by T- banding technique.
Ø Telomeres occur usually at the ends of the Chromosomes.
Ø Term epistasis was first used by Bateson.
Ø Term genetics coined by Bateson.
Ø Test cross ratio of dihybrid is— 1:1:1:1.
Ø TGMS: Thermosensitive Genetic Male Sterility.
Ø The 2n no. of chromosomes in Drosophila is 8.
Ø The frequency of recombination between two linked genes cannot exceed —50%.
Ø The frequency of spontaneous mutations is generally - 10-6.
Ø The fusion of one of the two sperms with the egg cell producing a diploid zygote is known as — Fertilization.
Ø The gene occupying a fixed position in the chromosome is referred to as Locus.
Ø The genes that can either initiate or block the expression of other genes is known as — Regulator genes.
Ø The genetic interactions occur in between the two alleles of a single gene is referred as Allelic interaction.
Ø The genetic makeup of an organism is known as Genotype.
Ø The graphical representation of the karyotype is referred to as Idiogram.
Ø The grasses and legumes are grown in pasture lands where the animals are led to graze are known as — Pastures.
Ø The Group of genes situated on the same chromosome is known as linkage group.
Ø The group of plants produced from a single plant through asexual reproduction is called as – Clone.
Ø The heterosis is estimated over the superior parent such an estimate is referred to as Heterobeltiosis.
Ø The hulling percentage of rice is — 20%.
Ø The ideal phase of harvest of fiber from the just is Plants are in small pods
Ø The infloresence in rice is called as — Panicle.
Ø The interaction between genes belonging to different pairs of alleles, the dominant allele in one of the pairs preventing the dominant allele in the other pair from expressing itself is referred to as Epistasis.
Ø The introduced variety may be subjected to selection to isolate a superior variety. Alternatively, it may be hybridized with local varieties to transfer one or few characters from this variety to the local ones is called as Secondary introduction.
Ø The ions are transported into the cytoplasm with energy.
Ø The ions are transported into the cytoplasm without energy used as ATP, this process is known as Passive transport.
Ø The junction between the unwound part and the open part is called – Replication fork.
Ø The last visible stage of nuclear division in mitosis is Telophase.
Ø The longest stage of cell division is Interphase.
Ø The male and female flowers are present at different plants known as Dioecy.
Ø The mating between genetically dissimilar individuals or between less closely related individuals is referred to as — Outbreeding.
Ø The mating between genetically similar or closely related individuals are known as — Inbreeding.
Ø The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as - Hybridization.
Ø The model of unit membrane organization was given by Dayson Daniell.
Ø The movement of chromosomes to the middle and their orientation on the equatorial plate is termed as¬ Metakinesis.
Ø The nick name of lysosome is also known as Suicide bags.
Ø The non-chromatin components of the nucleus containing materials for building DNA and messager RNA is known as Nucleoplasm.
Ø The nucleus of a dividing somatic cell undergoes series of changes called —Mitosis.
Ø The occurrence of a segment twice in the same chromosome is called as Duplications aberration.
Ø The organ which contain digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes is Lysosomes.
Ø The organelle from which the r-RNA is synthesized Nucleolus.
Ø The Overdominance Hypothesis hypothesis was proposed by East and Shull (1908).
Ø The parents involved in hybridization belong to the same species are known as Intra-specific hybridization.
Ø The passing of traits from parents to their offspring is called as Heredity.
Ø The phase between telophase and S phase is referred to as G1 phase
Ø The phenotype becomes altered by the environment in such a way that the new phenotype resembles another phenotype produced by known genes. The induced phenotype is not inherited, this is called as Phenocopy.
Ø The physical characteristics of an organism is referred to Phenotype
Ø The plant bears both female and male inflorescences on the same plant are referred to as – Monoecious plant.
Ø The plant cells are connected with the help of Plasmodesmata.
Ø The Plants which are, cultivated as forages crops and they are cut and fed to animals in stalls are known as — Fodders.
Ø The points at which the chromosomes actually cross over are called Chiasmata.
Ø The pollen tube enters the ovule through a small pore known as Micropyle.
Ø The Pollen, along with the pollen tube, is known as Microgametophyte.
Ø The polyploids with chromosomes derived from different species are known as Allopolyploids.
Ø The portion of cytoplasm other than the structures are known as Hyaloplasm.
Ø The power house of cell is Mitochondria.
Ø The preservation of germplasm in gene banks are known as Ex - situ conservation.
Ø The process by which a cell engulfs particles such as bacteria, other microorganisms etc. is known as Phagocytosis.
Ø The process happens either through formation of cell plate in between the two newly formed daughter nucleus known as Cytokinesis.
Ø The Process of bringing a wild species under human management is called as Domestication.
Ø The process of removal of lint from epidermal layer of the cotton seed is called as Gunning.
Ø The process of removing the hull is known as Hulling.
Ø The process of reproduction or formation of new cells from the pre- existing cells is referred to as cell division.
Ø The process that does not involve reduction in chromosome number is called as Mitosis.
Ø The process that involves reduction in chromosome number is Meiosis.
Ø The process that leads to the adaptation of a variety, line or population to a new environment is known as acclimatization.
Ø The process that produces a plant embryo from a fertilized ovule by asymmetric cell division and the differentiation of undifferentiated cells into tissues and organs is known as Plant embryogenesis.
Ø The production of identical progenies in vegetative propagated crops is due to Mitosis.
Ø The production of male and female gametes in the microspores and the megaspores respectively, is known as Gametogenesis.
Ø The progeny from a cross between parents differing in three genes Trihybrid.
Ø The progeny obtained by crossing two pure breeding parents of different genotypes is known as Hybrid.
Ø The progeny test was developed by Louis de Vilmorin.
Ø The protein synthesis take place in Ribosome.
Ø The Protoplasm theory was given by Schultzee.
Ø The Queen of fodder is Lucerne (or) Alfalfa.
Ø The ratio between lint and seed in cotton seed is called as Ginning percent.
Ø The ratio of genetic variance to the total variance is known as Heritability.
Ø The recessive allele at one locus mask the expression of both dominant and recessive alleles at another locus is referred to as Recessive epistasis.
Ø The recipient parent repeatedly used in the backcross programme is known as Recurrent parent.
Ø The reduction in chromosome number takes place during cell division is known as Meiosis.
Ø The removal of stamens or anthers or the killing of pollen grains of a flower without affecting in any way the female reproductive organs is known as Emasculation.
Ø The science that deals with principles of heredity and variation is called as Genetics.
Ø The second cross involving the same characters as the first but with the sexes of the parents interchanged are known as Reciprocal crosses.
Ø The seeds are formed but the embryos develop without fertilization is called as Apomixis.
Ø The seeds as well as the progeny resulting from the hybridization are known as Hybrid.
Ø The Seeds which can be dried to low moisture content and stored at low temperature without losing their viability for long periods of time is known as Orthodox seeds.
Ø The shifting of a part of one chromosome to another non homologous chromosome is known as — Translocation.
Ø The shortest phase of mitosis is —Anaphase.
Ø The storage depots for food molecules, such as starches or oils is Leucoplasts
Ø The structure of chromosome was discovered by Strasburger (1875).
Ø The study of chromosomes in relation to genetics is called as Cytogenetics.
Ø The substance except nucleus surrounded by plasma lemma is known as Cytoplasm.
Ø The sudden heritable change is known as — Mutation.
Ø The suitable materials for studying Mitosis is Root tips/ shoot tips.
Ø The sum total of genes present in the cytoplasm of a cell or an individual is known as – Plasmon.
Ø The sum total of hereditary material present in a crop species and its wild relatives is referred to as – Germplasm.
Ø The tendency of one crossover to reduce the chance of another crossover in its adjacent region is called—Interference.
Ø The tendency of two or more genes to stay together during inheritance is known as — Linkage.
Ø The term cell was given by Robert Hook (1665).
Ø The term chromosome was coined by Waldeyer (1888).
Ø The term cistron was coined by Benzer.
Ø The term crossover was first used by Morgan and Cattell (1912).
Ø The term Genetics was coined by William Bateson.
Ø The term heterochromatin was coined by Heitz (1928).
Ø The term Homozygote and Heterozygote was given by¬ Bateson.
Ø The term Mutation coined was by Hugo de vries.
Ø The term of meiosis was given by Farmer and Moore.
Ø The term of protoplasm was coined by Purkinje (1840).
Ø The term polygenes was coined by Mather(1943).
Ø The term self incompatibility was coined by Stout.
Ø The term telomere was coined by H.J. Muller.
Ø The transmission of genetic information from parents and ancestors to offspring is called as Inheritance.
Ø The unit of inheritance is Gene.
Ø The unit representing a map unit between the linked gene - CentiMorgan.
Ø The unwinds in the DNA is due to DNA helicase.
Ø The utilization of induced mutations for crop improvement is known as Mutation breeding.
Ø The variation in heterochromatin level helps in studying the Biodiversity.
Ø The variety of IR8 is made of cross between Peta x Dee Gee Woo Gen.
Ø The X- rays speed up the natural process of mutation is given by Muller H.J.
Ø Theory of acquired characters by Lamarck.
Ø Theory of epigenesis by wolf.
Ø Theory of natural selection was given by Darwin and Wallace.
Ø Theory of pangenesis by Darwin.
Ø Theory of pangenesis was proposed by Darwin.
Ø There are two different extra chromosomes (2n + 1 + 1) in Double trisomics.
Ø There is a reciprocal exchange of segments between homologous non sister chromatids called —Crossing over.
Ø Tift 23 is — Highly susceptible to downy mildew.
Ø Tillering habit is more common in cereals except — Maize and Sorghum.
Ø Turner's Syndrome is due to Monosomics (2n-1).
Ø Two alleles separate during meiosis to form gametes Law of Segregation.
Ø Two dominant alleles have similar effect when they are separate but produced enhanced effect when they are together, they are known as Duplicate and additive epistasis.
Ø Two dominant genes exist for a single trait is known as Codominance.
Ø Type of structural chromosomal aberration¬ Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation.
Ø Types of corn- Dent corn: Zea mays var. indentata, Flint corn: Zea mays var. indurate, Sweet corn. : Zea mays var. saccharate, Flour corn or soft corn: Zea mays var. amylacea, Wax corn: Zea mays var. certain, Pop corn: Zea mays var. everta, Pod corn: Zea mays var. tunicate.
Ø Toxin present in sweet clove coumarin.
Ø Traffic policeman of the cells is? Golgi complex.
Ø Trait not observed in wild relative but observed in segregates from crosses of crop species with wild relative is? Latent trait.
Ø Transcriptomics consists of RNA.
Ø Transfer of genetic material from m-RNA to Protein? Translation.
Ø Transformation experiments were carried by? Griffith.
Ø Transgenic genetic male sterility is used commercially for hybrid seed production in? Crucifers.
Ø Transgressive segregation denotes production of plants in an F2 generation that are superior to both the parents for one or more characters.
Ø Who is popularly known as Indian Vavilov? Harbhajan Singh.
Ø Wide hybridization is more popular in Sugarcane.
Ø Within large centres of diversity, small areas that exhibit greater diversity than the centre as a whole is termed as? Micro centers.
Ø Wolf proposed concept of epigenesis.
Ø World Trade Organisation was formed in the year? 1995.
Ø Worlds first seed testing laboratory was established in in 1869? Germany
Ø Xa21 gene was transferred by G S Khush.
Ø SI unit of absorbed radiation is gray(GY).
Ø Heating of DNA in deionized water will cause Denaturation.
Ø Maximum no of fragmented will be obtained if genomic DNA is digested by EcoR 1.
Ø SCAR is denoted by Sequence characterized amplified region.
Ø BC1F1 number of desirable populations obtained is 50%.
Ø Progenitor spps of lentil is lens orientalis.
Ø Genetic homeostatis is the property of population of genotypes to resist sudden change.
Ø Coupling and repulsion phase is observed in linkage.
Ø Horizontal resistance is also called as non specific resistance
Ø Concept of horizontal resistance is given by Vanderplank.
Ø Line X tester is used for find both GCA AND SCA effect and variances.
Ø SSR markers are co-dominant.
Ø Flavr savr is the variety of tomato.
Ø Diploid spps of brassica is Brassica campestris.
Ø Tetraploid spps of brassica is Brassica juncea.
Ø Brassica juncea is cross between Brassica campestris x Brassica nigra.
Ø Role of NBPGR is to collect germplasm, inspection and quarantine.
Ø Quarantine is done by BSI, NBPGR, FRI.
Ø Coix is found with the spps of Maize.
Ø Karan 280 is the variety of Barley (drought tolerant).
Ø Ethanol chemical is used for sterilization of explant.
Ø High genetic variance in population is obtained through Bulk method.
Ø Concept of crore collection was given by Frankel.
Ø Norin 10 is the mutation of Turkey red.
Ø Casual organism for leaf rust of wheat is Puccinia recondita.
Ø Classification of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds is given by Roberts (1973)
Ø Gene transfer between sexually incompatabile species is obtained through bridging cross.
Ø % of gel required for accessing the integrity of selected genomic DNA from eukaryotes 1.5%.
Ø GI tag for Darjeeling tea is classified under Agricultural.
Ø Genetic erosion refers to loss of benificial genes.
Ø RNA I was first time reported in C elegans.
Ø Aim of pedigree method is to develop pureline.
Ø International institute of potato germplasm is at CIP.
Ø Gentotypes of parent for progeny 315 Redpurple (RRPP), 315 Redgreen (RRpp) 260 yellow purple (yyPP), 180 yellow green(rrpp) = RRPP rrpp.
Ø Certification is not required for breeder seed.
Ø Swarna variety of rice is cross of Vasista x Mahsuri.
Ø Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells.
Ø Maximum recognition site occur in endonuclease is EcoR 1.
Ø RNAI interference is first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Ø Barley aneuploidy is due to balance tertiary trisomics.
Ø Lac operon mutation occurs at Repressor site.
Ø Translocation in chromosome 2 and 3 how many tetravalent formed = 1
Ø Isochromosome is an extra chromosome in secondary trisomics.
Ø Recombination is half of crossing over because at the time of crossing over among four strands only two strands take part in crossing over.
Ø Multiple allleles in diploid organism is always – may be two allele expresses.
Ø Landraces always have broad genetic bases.
Ø Sour taste of chickpea is to malic acid and oxalic acid.
Ø Disadvantage of RAPD is that it is not reproducible.
Ø Pedigree method is given by H love.
Ø Extension of NCD III is Triple test cross.
Ø Recurrent selection of GCA is when is in incomplete dominance.
Ø XO XX system is found in Grasshopper.
Ø Sex influenced recessive trait inherit from father to son.
Ø Direct DNA uptake by protoplast is stimulated by chemical PEG.
Ø Large body in the nucleus is the nucleolous which participates in the formation of RNA.
Ø Nuclear enveloped breakdown in prophase I.
Ø The function of nucleus is to housing the hereditary information.
Ø Batch system of culture are non steady state process.
Ø Bacteria are preferred over yeast for production of single cell protein because of their fast growth.
Ø Degradation of xenobiotics in well aerated soils.
Ø If meiosis does not occur then the chromosome number would double in every generation.
Ø IAA is naturally occurring auxin.
Ø Potato, coffee and alfalfa are - autopolyploids
Ø Sonora 64 and Lerma Roja wheat varieties are examples of -Primary introduction
Ø Triticales generally have the genomic constitution ---- AABBDDRR
Ø The cultivated banana is -Autotriploid.
Ø A majority of the germplasm introduced in India is obtained from --- as gift
Ø Potato germplasm collection is maintained at ---- Shimla
Ø Genetic draft is also called - Random draft
Ø Geitonogamy occurs in - Maize
Ø Tristyly is found in - Lythrum
Ø Helminthosporium maydis causes southern leaf blight in - Maize
Ø Varalaxmi cotton hybrid is derived from the cross between - G. hirsutum x G. barbadense.
Ø The term green revolution was coined by --William Gadd.
Ø In wheat, Rht 3 gene is derived from - Tom Thumb.
Ø The Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding was founded by --- T. S. Venkataraman
Ø Arka series of varieties are released from -- IIHR
Ø Hybrid seed production in Jowar and Bajra is based on - A, B and R lines
Ø Sui generis is a latin phrase, which means a system of its own
Ø Texamati rice was patented by US company – Ricetek.
Ø Safflower is often cross pollinated.
Ø Khesari, rajma, and linseed are - Self pollinated crops.
Ø The D2 statistic was proposed in 1936 by - Mahalanobis.
Ø The seven assumptions of diallel analysis were proposed by - Hayman (1954).
Ø The technique of generation mean analysis was developed in 1958 - Hayman, Jinks and Jones.
Ø The concept of triple test cross (TTC) analysis was developed by - Kearsey and Jinks (1968).
Ø Triple test cross is an extension of --- North Carolina Design III (NCD).
Ø The first systematic approach to the analysis of phenotypic stability was made by ---- Finley and Wilkinson.
Ø Path analysis is based on the estimates of - Correlation coefficients
Ø Genetic variability is a prerequisite for crop improvement.
Ø If heritability of a trait is high, selection for the trait will be effective.
Ø In general, selection will be easy in case of monogenic characters.
Ø Polygenic characters show variable magnitudes of heritability, and environments plays an important role in the crop in the development of such traits.
Ø As the number of genes governing a trait becomes smaller, its improvement becomes easier.
Ø Naturally self-pollinated populations are ordinarily homozygous and heterozygous
Ø Cross pollinated populations are heterozygous and heterogeneous
Ø Selfing reduces heterozygosity to 50% of that present in the previous generation.
Ø Back crossing reduces heterozygosity at the same rate as selfing
Ø Recurrent back crossing replaces the genes of nonrecurrent parent by those of the recurrent parent at the same rate as it reduces heterozygosity.
Ø Land races of self pollinated crops are homozygous but heterogeneous.
Ø Genetic variability is created by sexual hybridization, mutagenesis, polyploidy, somaclonal variation, somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion, and genetic engineering.
Ø Selection utilizes additive and additive x additive genetic variance.
Ø Mass selection is based on phenotypic performance.
Ø Additive genetic variance is greater in proportion in self pollinated crops than in cross pollinated crops.
Ø In self-pollinated crops, the proportion of additive genetic variance is lower in early segregating generations (F2, F3 etc.) than in the later generations, eg., F5, F6 etc.
Ø Pureline selection is applied to self-pollinated crops.
Ø Mass selection is used for purification of pureline varieties of self-pollinated crops.
Ø A pureline variety is genetically extremely uniform.
Ø A pureline is progeny of a single, homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species.
Ø Progeny testing reveals the genotypic worth of a plant.
Ø Pedigree, bulk, single seed descent and backcross methods are used for handling of segregating generations in self pollinated crops.
Ø Selection begins in the F1 generation of a three way cross.
Ø The maximum variation will be released in F2 generation of a cross, provided repulsion phase.
Ø In case of pedigree method, usually the objective is to obtain transgressive segregants.
Ø Nilsson-Ehle provided the genetic basis for transgressive segregation in wheat and oats.
Ø Transgressive segregation is the production of plants in an F2 generation that are superior to both the parents for one or more characters.
Ø The bulk breeding method was used by Nilsson Ehle in 1908 at Svolof.
Ø In case of bulk method of breeding, usually artificial selection is not done during the period of bulking.
Ø Protein content in barley is higher than Maize.
Ø Shull and East(1908) proposed overdominance hypothesis of heterosis in Maize.
Ø ICARDA is located in Syria.
Ø The concept of disruptive was given by Mather.
Ø Global genepool of rice is maintained at IRRI Philippines.
Ø In long term storage germplasm can be stored upto 100 years.
Ø Global gene bank of potato is located at CIP Peru.
Ø Conservation of germplasm under natural condition is called as insitu conservation.
Ø Genepool consist of modern cultivars, advanced breeding materials and land races.
Ø Germplasm collected within a country is known as indigenous collection.
Ø A place of area where maximum variability of plants is observed is centers of diversity.
Ø System of mating were given by Sewall wright.
Ø Allogamy leads to heterozygosity.
Ø Term mitosis was coined by Flemming.
Ø Artificial vegetative reproduction is done by grafting, budding and Layering.
Ø When pollination and fertilization occurred in unopened flower bud is known as cleistogamy.
Ø Allogamy is promoted by male sterility and herkogamy.
Ø Mating between distantly related individuals is known as outbreeding.
Ø Self incompatibility in which genes express in style is known as Styler SL.
Ø Self incompatibility which is controlled by two genes is graminae.
Ø Plant having monoecius flowers are found in maize, castor and colocasia.
Ø Amphimixis refers to sexual reproduction.
Ø Cytoplasmic sterility is governed by plasma genes.
Ø Herkogamy is found in alfalfa.
Ø Somatic hybrid pomato was produced by fusion between potato and tomato by Melchers et al 1978.
Ø RFLP and RAPD are helpful in gene sequencing, gene mapping and identify new genes.
Ø The process of producing several identical copies of a gene sequence referred to as gene cloning.
Ø The concept of multiline varieties was developed by Jensen (1952).
Ø A heterogenous population include composites, multilines and synthetics.
Ø Mass pedigree method was developed by Harrington(1973).
Ø The most effective method of transfer of oligogenic characters is backcross.
Ø Genetic selection was proposed by Stadler (1944).
Ø The term recurrent selection was coined by Hull (1945).
Ø Plasmids are discovered by Iscki and Sakai.
Ø Concept of generation mean analysis was developed by Hayman.
Ø Difference between mean phenotypic value of the progeny of selected plants and the parental population is known as genetic advance.
Ø Concept of path co efficient analysis was given by Mather.
Ø Analysis of covariance permits estimation of environmental, phenotypic and genotypic variance.
Ø SCA is primarily a function of Dominance variance, additive x dominance epistasis, dominance x dominance epistasis.
Ø Ratio of additive variance to phenotypic variance is called as Narrow sense heritability.
Ø In line x tester cross each male is crossed with same set of females.
Ø Biometrics for the study of quantitative genetics was provided by Fischer.
Ø Various cross made using common tester are Test cross.
Ø Low magnitude of G X E interaction indicates High buffering capacity.
Ø Split gene was first reported in Chicken.
Ø In Lucerne toxic substance found in Saponin.
Ø First ever intergeneric cross has been successfully performed between bamboo and sugarcance by T S Venkataraman.
Ø First Artificial hybridization in fruit crops was done by Knight.
Ø Law of parallel variation was given by Vavilov.
Ø International institute of tropical agriculture is located at Nigeria.
Ø Tea coffee and Mango seeds cannot be converted in seed banks because they drastic loss in viability with decrease in moisture content below 12%.
Ø Global gene bank of sorghum is located at ICRISAT.
Ø Global gene bank of barley is located at ICARDA.
Ø Seeds which are dried at low moisture content and stored at low temperature without losing their viability are called as orthodox seeds.
Ø The variety of genes and genotypes found in particular crop species are genetic diversity.
Ø Primitive cultivars which are selected and cultivated by farmers for many years are Landraces.
Ø Gradual reduction of genetic variability due to elimination is called as genetic erosion.
Ø Allogamy is common form of outbreeding.
Ø Meiosis generate variability.
Ø Term mitosis was coined by Flemming.
Ø Development of embryo from egg cell without fertilization is known as pathenogenisis.
Ø Self pollination is associated with Homogamy.
Ø Mating system in which each female gamete with each male gamete is known as random mating.
Ø Male sterility in flowering plants was first reported is Koelreuter.
Ø Pollen sterility is controlled by both cytoplasmic and nuclear genes is known as CGMS.
Ø Self incompatability which is controlled by single gene found in some species of Cruciferae, Solanaceae and leguminacea.
Ø Rice flowers have six stamens.
Ø Anthesis start in Wheat is 1:15 pm.
Ø Genetic male sterility was controlled by nuclear genes.
Ø CGMS was first discovered by Jones and Davis.
Ø Protoandry is found in Maize.
Ø Prepotency increase with increase in homozygosity.
Ø Genetic correlation between two variables may be due to pleiotrophy.
Ø High value of genetic advance are indicative of partial dominance gene action.
Ø Estimation of correlation form error variances and covariances is genotypic correlation.
Ø Ratio of genotypic covariance to phenotypic covariances is co heritability.
Ø Jumping genes was first discovered in Maize.
Ø Erucic acid is found in mustard.
Ø Neurotoxin is found in Sorghum.
Ø In pulses limiting amino acids include Tryptophan.
Ø Methionine is limiting amino acid in Green leafy vegetables.
Ø Soybean contain trypsin inhibitor and goitrogens.
Ø Heterobeltosis is estimated over the better parent.
Ø Increased flower size has made tetraploidy important for Horticulturist.
Ø An individual lacking only one chromosome from the diploid set is referred as Monosomic.
Ø Blackslee reported the first case of monoploid in Datura.
Ø A gene which exhibits higher mutation rate than others is referred as Mutable gene.
Ø Maximum mutant varieties are evolved in Rice.
Ø In rice Brown plant hopper has no preference for Purple stigma, low aspargine and Red pericarp.
Ø In barley resistance to cereal leaf beetle is associated with Waxiness of leaves.
Ø Drought resistance is associated with Biochemical, physiological and Morphological factors.
Ø Drought tolerance is associated with deep root system, small waxy and thick leaves, Sunken, small and less stomata.
Ø Experimental design which controls fertility variation in two directions is known as LSD.
Ø The value of regression and correlation is the same when the correlation between two variables is perfect.
Ø Smell is onion bulb is due to sulphur compounds.
Ø Fertilization in a flower occurs within the ovule.
Ø Dispersal of seeds by parachute mechanism is present in cotton.
Ø Food in onion is stored in Scale leaves.
Ø Edible part of orange is Multicelled endocarpic hair.
Ø Gene responsible for the synthesis of repressor is called as regulator gene.
Ø In population gene frequencies remain constant when there is random mating.
Ø Garrod published book called Inborn error of metabolism.
Ø Identification of exact location of genes on the chromosome is through linkage mapping.
Ø Dosage imbalance is the unequal distribution of chromosomes in anaphase which are rectified in checkpoints in cell cycle.
Ø Condensation of chromosomes requires two types of proteins which are condensin 1 and condensin 2.
Ø Sister chromatids are linked to each other by cohesion protein.
Ø 0.3 percentage of DNA replication takes place in Zygotene stage.
Ø Formula for number of gametes = 2n
Ø Formula for number of genotypes in F2 = 3n
Ø No of individuals in F2 = 4n
Ø No of phenotypic class in F2 = 2n
Ø In genetic mapping chromosomes maps are calculated by using recombination frequency.
Ø In cytogenetic mapping chromosomes maps are calculated using cytogenetic tools like FISH, GISH, monosomic analysis and deletion mapping.
Ø Physical mapping is the actual distance between the genes in terms of basepairs(bp). Calculated using DNA molecular markers (RAPD, RFLP and SSR).
Ø Genetic distances are measured on genetic maps in terms of centimorgan (Cm) or map units.
Ø 1 map units = 1% recombination frequency.
Ø Sex determination is mere signal which comes from environment, chromosomal or genetic initiations which involves pathway events leading to male, female and secondary sexual characters.
Ø More than two sex chromosomes are observed in platypus (5 pairs) among animals and Rumex acetose in plants.
Ø According to Malthus population grow geometrically whereas food grows geometrically.
Ø When the population is at carrying capacity then there will be equal population, no competition, no selection then there will be no evolution.
Ø Nature selects phenotypically which will impact genotypically.
Ø Direct Selection: When breeders or natural selection act directly on a specific trait, selecting for plants with the best performance in that trait.
Ø Indirect Selection: Due to genetic correlations, selection on one trait can cause changes in another correlated trait. This is the correlated response to selection.
Ø Correlated response to selection: Simultaneous Improvement: If two desirable traits are positively correlated, selecting for one can improve both traits simultaneously. For example, selecting for higher yield may also improve drought tolerance if these traits are positively correlated. Unintended Consequences: Negative correlations can lead to trade-offs, where improving one trait may worsen another. For instance, selecting for larger fruit size may reduce fruit number if these traits are negatively correlated.
Ø Regression is a powerful tool in plant breeding, offering a range of applications that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of breeding programs such as predicting plant traits, genomic selection, QTL mapping, MAS, optimizing experimental design, Multivariate analysis etc.
