Ø Genetic purity of foundation seed is 99.5%.
Ø Genetic purity of certified seed is 99%.
Ø National Seeds Corporation was established in 1963.
Ø High yielding varieties (HYV) programme was started in- 1966.
Ø The Seeds Act was passed in December, 1966.
Ø The Seeds Act was effective in October, 1969.
Ø The National Seeds Programme (NSP) was launched in- 1977
Ø Potato Breeder Seed scheme was initiated at CPRI, Shimla.
Ø World's first Seed Testing Station was established by Prof.F. Nobbe
Ø International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was established in- Norway.
Ø First Five Year Plan was started with an aim to Multiply und distribute seeds.
Ø The first Vegetable Seed Testing Station was established in JARI, New Delhi.
Ø First Indian vegetable hybrid Pusa Meghadoot (Bottle gourd).
Ø Seed Control Order 1983.
Ø The distance which separates seed crop from the crop of lower standards belonging to same variety or another variety is known as Isolation distance.
Ø The cotyledons are pushed out during germination above the soil is called as Epigeal germination.
Ø The cotyledons are not pushed out during germination remain below the soil is called as Hypogeal germination
Ø Example of epigeal germination Bean, Bengal gram, cotton, papaya, gourd, castor and onion
Ø Example of hypogeal germination Rice, Pea, mango, maize, rice, gram and groundnut.
Ø The effect of a pollen on the maternal tissues of fruit – Mataxenia.
Ø The removal of off type plants from seed crops is called as Roguing.
Ø The first hybrid sorghum (CSH 1) was released in 1964.
Ø Presence of B line plants in A line are called- shedders Pollen.
Ø Presence of A line in B line are called as Off type.
Ø Presence of R line in B line are called as Rogue.
Ø In maize crop cob is covered by the leaf like structures called Husk.
Ø The removal of tassel from female parent in maize are known as Detaselling.
Ø The visible effects of the pollen on endosperm and related tissues in the formation of a seed colour due to Xenia.
Ø Example of Interspecific hybrid in cotton – Varalakshmi and Jayalakshmi.
Ø Example of Intraspecific hybrid in cotton-Suguna and Savitha.
Ø Which chemical is used for seed treatment in cotton- H2SO4
Ø Cisgenic plant is a plant that has been genetically modified using gene and regulatory elements exclusively from plants to which it can the crossed by normal breeding.
Ø Vybrid can be developed from a cross between two facultative apomictic lines and maintained by harvesting the seed of only F-like apomictic plants in every generation
Ø Improved varieties that are no longer in cultivation are called obsolete cultivars
Ø Modern cultivars, advanced cultivars or improved cultivars, have been developed by a planned breeding effort.
Ø Vivek-10 is a hybrid variety of pea.
Ø In often cross-pollinated crops, cross pollination exceeds 5% and may reach up to 30%.
Ø Theoretically clones, are immortal i, e clone can be maintained indefinitely through asexual reproduction.
Ø Bulk segregant analysis is based on the principle of near isogenic lines.
Ø X-rays and gamma rays cause addition, deletion, transition and transversion.
Ø In case of random mating, homozygosity, heterozygosity, population mean and genetic correlation remain constant generation after generation unless disturbed by evolutionary factors.
Ø In self-pollinated crops, a desirable cross should high mean yield, high genetic variance and high genetic advance under selection.
Ø In case of RAPD, polymorphism between individuals results from sequence differences in one or both of the primer binding sites.
Ø NILs are generated either by repeated selfing or ordinarily, by repeated backcrossing of the F, plants to the recurrent parents.
Ø Molecular markers can be used to test genetic purity of hybrids.
Ø The synthetic varieties are generally maintained by open-pollination in isolation
Ø The allelic variation of SSR arises due to change in number of repeat units.
Ø SNPs and indels (small insertion-deletions) are the basis of most differences between alleles.
Ø India is the first country to commercially exploit hybrid vigour in cotton.
Ø In 1961, Downey and co-workers isolated the first 'zero' erucic acid selection of B. napus, and first low crucic acid variety, 'Oro' was released in 1968 in Canada.
Ø The first 'zero' erucic acid selection was isolated by Downey in 1964 and in 1971 the first 'low' erucic acid variety Span of B. campestris was released in Canada.
Ø A promising 'zero' erucic acid material of B. campestris in India is Tobin.
Ø Tower' is a 'double zero' variety of B. napus.
Ø Linseed variety, Avantgrade have up to 64% linolenic acid.
Ø Brassica oils generally contain 8-11 linolenic acid, which reduces their keeping quality.
Ø All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project was started with the objective of exploiting heterosis.
Ø Foundation seed is also certified by a recognized seed certification agency.
Ø Participatory plant breeding aims at more effectively addressing the needs of small- scale farmers in agro-ecologically and socio- ecologically marginal and variable environments in developing countries.
Ø Glucosinolate elimination is an important objective in Brassica improvement.
Ø A 'zero' erucic acid line/variety has <3% erucic acid content.
Ø A 'zero' glucosinolate line/variety has < 30 µmol g glucosinolate in defacted oilseed cake.
Ø The mitochondrial genome in humans contains 16,569 base pairs that code for 37 genes: 13 polypeptides, 22 tRNAs, and the small and large rRNA subunits. Mt DNA is maternally inherited through the oocyte during conception.
Ø Chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) are genetic stocks representing the complete genome of any genotype in the background of a cultivar as overlapping segments. Ideally, each CSSL has a single chromosome segment from the donor with a maximum recurrent parent genome recovered in the background.
Ø The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity is an international agreement which aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity.
Ø Frequency distribution is used to analyse the distribution of various traits within a population of plants under study. This could include traits like height, yield, disease resistance, etc.
Ø Plant breeding often involves studying the distribution of genotypes within a population. Frequency distribution helps in understanding the prevalence of different genotypes and their potential inheritance patterns.
Ø Frequency distribution is used to analyse the distribution of phenotypic traits within a population, which helps breeders understand the expression of traits and their variation.
Ø Frequency distribution analysis aids in identifying regions of the genome associated with particular traits through QTL mapping studies. By analysing the frequency distribution of markers linked to traits of interest, researchers can pinpoint genomic regions responsible for those traits.
Ø Frequency distribution helps in determining the prevalence of different alleles within a population. This information is crucial for understanding genetic diversity and selecting appropriate breeding strategies.
Ø Path coefficients represent the direct effects of one trait on another, while indirect effects quantify the influence mediated through other traits (Wright, 1921).
Ø Path analysis enables the construction of predictive models for trait interactions, aiding in the selection of superior genotypes (Bernardo, 2010).
Ø Breeding Value Estimation: Understanding the direct and indirect effects of traits helps in accurately estimating breeding values and predicting the performance of progeny (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).
Ø Genetic Improvement: Path analysis assists breeders in prioritizing traits for selection to achieve genetic improvement efficiently (Jinks and Jones, 1958).
Ø Trait Associations: Identification of trait associations through path analysis aids in the development of ideotypes, which are ideal plant architectures for specific environments (Donald, 1968).
Ø Environmental Interaction: Path analysis can assess the influence of environmental factors on trait relationships, facilitating genotype × environment interaction studies (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).
Ø Validation of path models through field trials and subsequent application in breeding programs enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of selection strategies (Bernardo, 2010).
Ø Genomic selection utilizes genome-wide markers to predict the breeding value of individuals, accelerating the breeding process. Recent advances include improved models and algorithms for more accurate predictions.
Ø CRISPR-Cas9 Genome Editing: CRISPR-Cas9 technology enables precise modification of plant genomes, offering opportunities for targeted trait improvement with unprecedented precision and speed (Jinek et al., 2012).
Ø High-Throughput Phenotyping (HTP): High-throughput phenotyping technologies, such as drones, satellites, and automated imaging systems, allow for rapid and accurate assessment of plant traits under various environmental conditions.
Ø Bioinformatics and Data Analytics: Integration of bioinformatics tools and data analytics techniques enables the efficient analysis of large-scale genomic and phenotypic datasets, facilitating genotype-phenotype associations and trait discovery
Ø Machine Learning in Breeding Programs: Machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed in breeding programs for tasks such as trait prediction, germplasm selection, and optimization of breeding strategies, enhancing breeding efficiency
Ø Multi-Omics Integration: Integration of multiple omics layers, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provides a holistic understanding of plant biology and facilitates trait dissection and marker-assisted breeding
Ø Phenomics-Assisted Breeding: Phenomics, which involves the comprehensive measurement of plant phenotypic traits, is increasingly integrated into breeding pipelines to improve the accuracy and efficiency of selection for complex traits.
Ø Climate Resilience and Adaptation: With climate change posing challenges to crop productivity, there is a growing focus on breeding for resilience and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses, utilizing genomic and phenotypic data.
Ø Land races are more durable.
Ø Norin 10 is source of dwarf gene in wheat.
Ø Rht 1 and Rht 2 genes are related to rice.
Ø Father of quantitative genetics - Sir Francis Galton
Ø Father of modern quantitative genetics - Sir R. A. Fisher
Ø Biometrical techniques are used for the evaluation of individual cross at time in terms of components of genetic variation - TTC, biparental cross and generation mean analysis
Ø Biometrical techniques are used for the study of epistatic variance Generation mean analysis, triallel and quadriallel analysis
Ø First used statistics to solve biological problems (measured regression Coefficient between height of father and their son) - Sir Francis Galton.
Ø Techniques help in the assessment of varietal adaptation - Stability analysis
Ø Biometrical genetics are also known as Mathematical genetics or Quantitative genetics Statistical genetics or
Ø Oligogenic variations are studied in - Mendelian genetics or Population genetics
Ø Study of inheritance of polygenic character or quantitative character or metric trait or multiple factor character - Quantitative genetics.
Ø Quantitative Genetics provides information about Variability, heritability, adaptation, combining ability, gene action and yield attributes.
Ø The estimates of quantitative genetics are influenced by Genetic material, sampling method, conduct of experiment, sample, size and method of calculation
Ø Mendelian Genetics deals with Inheritance of oligogenic traits
Ø D² and Metroglyph analysis are called as - Classificatory techniques.
Ø Diallel, partial diallel and LxT analysis provides an estimation of combining ability.
Ø Diallel, partial diallel and L×T analysis are known as - Mating design.
Ø The scheme according to which individuals or lines are mated to produce sexual progeny is called as - Mating design.
Ø Population Genetics also called as Mendelian genetics.
