Ø Smart breeding approaches facilitate the development of crop varieties with improved tolerance to biotic stresses, such as pests, diseases, and weeds, reducing the need for chemical inputs and promoting ecological pest management practices.
Ø Strengthening international collaboration and knowledge exchange networks accelerates the dissemination of smart breeding innovations, promotes technology transfer, and facilitates capacity building in developing countries.
Ø Developing crop varieties with enhanced water use efficiency and drought tolerance helps mitigate the impacts of water scarcity on agricultural productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
Ø Integrating remote sensing technologies into smart breeding programs enables non-destructive monitoring of crop performance, growth dynamics, and stress responses in real-time, facilitating data-driven breeding decisions.
Ø Enhancing the genetic resilience of crop plants to emerging pests and diseases through smart breeding reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides and promotes sustainable pest management strategies.
Ø Smart breeding initiatives prioritize the development of crop varieties with improved post-harvest traits, such as storability, shelf life, and resistance to spoilage, reducing food losses and enhancing food supply chain resilience.
Ø Strengthening seed systems and promoting seed sovereignty empowers farmers to access and exchange improved crop varieties, preserving agrobiodiversity and enhancing food and seed security.
Ø Smart breeding strategies leverage advances in data analytics and computational biology to model and predict genotype-phenotype relationships, accelerating breeding progress and reducing time and resource requirements.
Ø Enhancing the nutritional quality and functional properties of staple crops through smart breeding contributes to the diversification of diets, promoting human health and well-being.
Ø Developing crop varieties with improved heat tolerance and resilience to heat stress conditions helps mitigate the impacts of global warming on crop yields and agricultural productivity.
Ø The integration of socio-economic considerations into smart breeding programs ensures that breeding efforts align with the needs, preferences, and priorities of end-users, fostering inclusive and sustainable agricultural development.
Ø Smart breeding initiatives facilitate the development of crop varieties with improved resilience to lodging, lodging, and mechanical damage, enhancing agronomic performance and harvest efficiency.
Ø Developing crop varieties with improved nitrogen use efficiency reduces the environmental footprint of agriculture by minimizing nitrogen fertilizer inputs
Ø Harnessing natural genetic variation through smart breeding enables the development of crop varieties with enhanced adaptability to diverse agroecological conditions, promoting sustainable agricultural intensification.
Ø Integration of genomic selection with genomic prediction models enhances the accuracy and efficiency of trait selection in breeding programs, facilitating the rapid development of improved crop varieties.
Ø Smart breeding initiatives prioritize the development of crop varieties with enhanced resistance to abiotic stresses, such as heat, drought, and cold, mitigating yield losses and improving agricultural resilience.
Ø The application of QTL mapping in stress tolerance breeding enables the identification of genes conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures, facilitating the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties.
Ø QTL mapping facilitates gene discovery and characterization, enabling breeders to introgress desirable traits into elite cultivars through marker-assisted backcrossing and gene pyramiding strategies.
Ø Despite its limitations, such as the requirement for large mapping populations and the complexity of trait inheritance, QTL mapping remains a valuable tool for unraveling the genetic basis of complex traits and accelerating crop improvement efforts.
Ø Future research directions in QTL mapping include the development of high-throughput genotyping technologies, improved phenotyping platforms, and advanced statistical methods to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of trait mapping in diverse crop species.
Ø Collaboration between plant breeders, molecular biologists, and statisticians is essential for advancing QTL mapping research and translating genetic discoveries into practical applications for crop improvement.
Ø QTL mapping offers a systematic approach to dissecting the genetic basis of complex traits, providing breeders with valuable insights into trait inheritance and enabling targeted manipulation of the crop genome for desired agronomic outcomes.
Ø The integration of QTL mapping with other breeding approaches, such as genomic selection and genome editing, holds promise for accelerating genetic gain and developing tailored crop varieties with enhanced productivity, resilience, and quality traits.
Ø QTL mapping serves as a foundation for understanding the genetic architecture underlying complex traits, paving the way for targeted breeding strategies aimed at improving crop yield, quality, and resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Ø The utilization of advanced statistical methods, such as composite interval mapping (CIM) and multi-trait interval mapping (MIM), enhances the accuracy and efficiency of QTL mapping, enabling the identification of multiple loci governing trait variation.
Ø Molecular markers, including SSRs, RFLPs, RAPDs, and AFLPs, offer valuable tools for QTL analysis, facilitating the precise localization of genomic regions associated with target traits and accelerating marker-assisted breeding efforts.
Ø The identification and characterization of QTLs associated with disease resistance traits enable breeders to develop cultivars with enhanced resistance to pathogens, reducing the need for chemical inputs and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Ø QTL mapping provides insights into the genetic basis of complex traits, such as yield components, plant architecture, and stress tolerance, guiding the development of crop ideotypes tailored to specific agroecological environments and production systems.
Ø Integration of QTL mapping with genomic resources, such as reference genomes and transcriptomic data, enhances our understanding of gene function and regulatory networks underlying trait variation, facilitating targeted manipulation of the crop genome for desired outcomes.
Ø The availability of high-density genetic maps and genotyping platforms enables fine-mapping of QTLs, leading to the identification of candidate genes and molecular markers linked to trait variation, thereby expediting marker-assisted selection and gene discovery efforts.
Ø QTL mapping contributes to the development of climate-resilient crop varieties by identifying genomic regions associated with adaptive traits, enabling breeders to introgress desirable alleles from wild relatives and landraces into elite germplasm.
Ø The application of QTL mapping in trait dissection and gene pyramiding accelerates the breeding progress by enabling simultaneous selection for multiple traits of interest, leading to the development of cultivars with superior agronomic performance and stress resilience.
Ø QTL mapping serves as a powerful tool for elucidating genotype-phenotype associations and understanding the genetic basis of trait variation, facilitating the development of predictive models for trait prediction and genomic selection in plant breeding programs.
Ø The integration of QTL mapping with functional genomics approaches, such as gene expression profiling and metabolomic analysis, enhances our understanding of trait regulation and biochemical pathways underlying complex phenotypes, enabling targeted manipulation of key genes for trait improvement.
Ø QTL mapping offers valuable insights into the genetic basis of quantitative traits, enabling breeders to exploit natural genetic variation and introgress beneficial alleles into breeding populations through marker-assisted backcrossing and genomic selection strategies.
Ø QTL mapping serves as a bridge between fundamental genetic research and applied breeding efforts, facilitating the translation of genetic discoveries into practical solutions for crop improvement and agricultural development.
Ø The continued advancement of QTL mapping methodologies, coupled with the integration of multi-omics data and computational approaches, holds promise for accelerating genetic gain and addressing key challenges facing modern agriculture, such as climate change, pest and disease pressure, and resource limitations.
Ø QTL mapping provides a systematic framework for dissecting the genetic basis of trait variation, enabling breeders to prioritize genomic regions for further investigation and validation, thereby facilitating the development of tailored breeding strategies for targeted trait improvement.
Ø Colchicine exerts its effect during M phase of the cell cycle.
Ø The phenomenon of changes in the phenotype or gene expression occurs without a change in the underlying DNA sequence is known as Epigenetics.
Ø Genetic assortative mating reduced heterozygosity and increases homozygosity.
Ø Pink bollworm insect resistance in cotton is governed by polygenes.
Ø Monosomic progeny is generally obtained in the highest percentage after mating between different types of gametes produced by wheat monosomic lines.
Ø In a germinating seed source is embryo and sink is endosperm.
Ø Commercial hybrids are obtained by crossing A line and R line.
Ø Self-complementary sequences >3 bp length to be avoided, The GC content should be in range of 40-60% and Tm values for a pair of primers used together should not differ by > 5 degree centigrade (Considered during synthesis of primer).
Ø Chicory powder mixed with coffee powder is obtained from roots.
Ø If a company develops a new technology that improves its main product patent can be used to stop other by copying their invention.
Ø Either full or part of tassel remain in female line after detasseling and shedding pollen which may contaminate the genetic purity in maize is called as shedding vessel.
Ø Storage grain pest (Khapra beetle) can tolerate low moisture.
Ø Inseparable seed for Oat are triticale and wheat.
Ø Males (P element) X female M strains (Lack P element) cause hybrid dysgenesis.
Ø The phenomenon of differential behaviour of alleles contributed by both male and female is called as Genetic imprinting.
Ø If level of glucose is low, a mutation in the repressor of the lac operon in E coli preventing binding repressor to the operator should result in constitutive expression of lac operon genes.
Ø Synthetic seed is produced by encapsulating somatic embryo with sodium alginate.
Ø Alternate - Chromosomal aberration stage in translocation heterozygotes produce fertile gametes.
Ø Triple test cross used for detection of epistatis was proposed by Kearsey and Jinks.
Ø In random mating population with no epistasis and zero inbreeding, the co-variance among full sibs will be ½ additive variance + ¼ dominance variance.
Ø NCD III design is not affected by maternal effect.
Ø DNA polymerase gamma is responsible for the replication of mitochondrial DNA in mammalian cells.
Ø Gamma garden is used to irradiate whole plant during different stages of development, source of radiation is located at the centre of the gamma garden, area is enclosed by thick wall to protect animals and plant outside the garden.
Ø Balanced tertiary trisomic (BTT) – Diploid and the primary trisomics posess the recessive alleles of the marker gene.
Ø A scientist wanted to study effect of virus on plants then shoot apex has to be excluded from the study.
Ø 1 out of 2500 are homozygous individuals expressing a recessive character (cystic fibrosis is inherited as autosomal recessive disease) Find out the frequency of carriers in every individuals---3.92
Ø Land race accessions possessing desirable trait crossed with modern varieties and breeding lines and lines and lines thus can be used directly in breeding programme though they are deficient in certain desirable traits whereas the original accessions could not be – this phase is often called as pre- breeding and germplasm enhancement.
Ø Development of of double haploid plants from haploids obtained through culture of the anthers collected from F1 hybrids from selected crosses is known as hybrid sorting.
Ø A simple one seeded fruit with pericarp fused with seed coat is known as caryopsis.
Ø Best method to carry forward the maximum number of genotypes to the advanced generations against the force of natural selection is Single seed descent method.
Ø Provision to restrict export and import of seeds of notified kinds of varieties is mentioned under act section 17.
Ø Indian seed act enacted in the year 1966.
Ø Purest class of seed is nucleus seed.
Ø Sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid are used for acid scarification of seeds.
Ø Direct or visible effects of pollen on endosperm and related tissue in the formation of seed colour of maize is called Xenia.
Ø During T DNA transfer the role of vir B gene is through ATPase activity.
Ø Degree of freedom of Eberhart and Rusell model of stability is 1.
Ø Frog prince, sleeping beauty and copia element are transposon system.
Ø If a character having high genetic advance and low heritability then it means additive gene action and non-favourable environment.
Ø SMRT is a method of DNA sequencing which does not use PCR for amplification for template preparation rather than directly sequence single DNA molecules.
Ø Veeri series of wheat is developed by S Rajaram.
Ø Pusa giant berseem is the first autopolyploid variety releases for general cultivation in India.
Ø Female to male planting ration in maize for three way cross hybrid is 6 : 2.
Ø Assumptions of ANOVA is that observations are independent, parent population from which observations are taken is normal, various treatments and environmental effects are additive in nature.
Ø In a moderately asymmetrical distribution Mode = 3 median-2 mean.
Ø Matting pattern, Population size and selection are the following factor affecting the LD and ultimately association mapping.
Ø ICAR has identified three BT cotton varieties for cultivation in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan which were developed by Punjab Agricultural university – PAU BT-1, F1861, RS 2013.
Ø National milk day is observed on November 26th for birth anniversary of father of white revolution Verghese kurien.
Ø When you travel certain parts of India you will notice red soils main reason for the colour is presence of ferric oxides.
Ø Cultivation of crops and rearing of animals together is called mixed farming.
Ø Cardamom is known as queen of species.
Ø Nitrogen present in atmosphere is utilized through microorganisms.
Ø Golden rice was developed to combat the deficiency of vitamin – A.
Ø A person with mixed European and Indian blood in latin America is called as Mestizo.
Ø Gilt edged market refers to Market of government securities.
Ø Seeds produced by crossing two hybrids are called as Double cross hybrid.
Ø As per IMSC standards minimum work sample size for GOT is 400 plants because minimum germination percentage for all certified seeds classes is less than 99 %.
Ø Seed multiplication ratio of groundnut is 1:8.
Ø Maize would be having highest inbreeding depression compared to Rice, Blackgram and and Rice bean.
Ø Which of the following leaf trait increases leaf reflectance and reduces net radiation resulting in lower leaf temperature under high irradiance – leaf pubescence.
Ø Number of polygenes controlling a trait of interest can be estimated by QTL mapping.
Ø Tripping is necessary for seed setting in Lucerne.
Ø Percent of sesamin in sesame oils is 0.5 to1%.
Ø Genetic gain during selection is very high when there is highest heritability.
Ø Father of seed testing is Friedrich Nobbe.
Ø The volatile chemical compound which is considered to be responsible for aroma in Basmati rice is 2 AP.
Ø Part of the submitted sample that is stored in seed testing laboratory after issuing the test result is called as guard sample.
Ø VCU test is useful for variety release.
Ø In tomato high beta carotene was transferred to cultivated species from lycopersicum hirsutum.
Ø Objectionable weed in Lucerne is Dodder.
Ø Increase in homogeneity of genetic materials indicates negative impact of plant breeders right.
Ø Hallow heart defect in Peas is due to deficiency of Boron.
Ø If two variables oppose each other then correlation will be negative.
Ø Argemone Mexicana L. is objectionable weed for mustard crop.
Ø Accumulation of salts at leaf tip or leaf margins of some plants in winter is due to process known as guttation.
Ø NAOCL is used to test mechanical injury during combined harvesting of soybean.
Ø Isolation distance required certified seed production of Tomato is 25 m.
Ø Peroxidase test is used to test the genuiness of varieties of soyabean.
Ø Sets of gene that are essential and express all the time are called housekeeping genes.
Ø Reduced solitary axillary flowers are observed in flowers of cicer arietinum.
Ø Sarcotesta in papaya is rich in Lipids.
Ø Arabisopis thaliana has chromosome no of 2n = 10.
Ø One of hotspots for screening for rust resistance of groundnut is located at aliyar (Tamil Nadu)
Ø Mode of disease transmission from seed to plant in case of ustilago tritici is intra embryo seed infection followed by systemic infection.
Ø While breeding for drought tolerance the trait cellular membrane stability in crop plants is classified as dehydration tolerance trait.
Ø GM crop developed by transgenic technology was developed in India is Mustard.
Ø The prominent feature that differentiate angiosperm and gymnosperms seeds is seed coat and endosperm.
Ø In dicotyls the emergence of seed lings from the soil surface is facilitated by Hypocotyl.
Ø Permissible limit of ODV (per kg) in certified seed of paddy is 20.
Ø Validity of germination test for the 2nd and subsequent certification is 6 months.
Ø Role of pollen in fertilization was discovered by GB Amici.
Ø Coconut is botanically considered as Endosperm.
Ø In case of hybrid rice maintainer line is produced by selfing B line.
Ø The phenomenon of syngamy was discovered by Edward stratsburger.
Ø The journal of seed science and technology ISTA.
