Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 2

TRIPS: Stands for Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights.
Seed Moisture: 13% moisture is ideal for certified rice seeds.
Ribosomes: 70S ribosomes are found in mitochondria.
Test Cross Progeny (Dominant Epistasis): Observed in a 2:1:1 ratio.
Ideotype: A biological model expected to perform predictably within a defined environment.
Blood Group: Blood group A has antigen A on RBC surface and antibody B in the serum.
Mutagen: A chemical or physical agent that enhances the frequency of mutations.
Viability Test for Seeds: 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride is used.
Composite Variety: Developed by cross-pollination.
Fairchild's Mule: A cross between Sweet William and Carnation.
Cybrid: A cytoplasmic hybrid formed by cell fusion.
Cri-du-chat Syndrome: Caused by a deficiency in chromosome 5 in humans.
Composite Fruit: A fruit that develops from an inflorescence.
Anchor Gene: A gene placed on both physical and genetic maps.
Transgenic: A genotype developed through genetic engineering.
Clade: A group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry.
Syndrome: A group of symptoms associated with a condition.
Iso-chromosome Haploid: A haploid with an iso-chromosome is called a mis-division haploid.
Hybrid: A hybrid is always heterozygous.
Callus: A mass of regenerated cells in culture medium.
Seed: A mature ovule containing an embryo.
Chasmogamy: A mechanism of self-pollination where flowers open after pollination.
Mendelian Population: Also known as a random mating population.
Pedigree Method: Used to improve specific traits like plant height or disease resistance.
Core Collection: A minimum set of accessions that represent genetic diversity.
Multilines: A mixture of pure lines differing in a single resistance gene.
Moisture Meter: Instrument used to measure the moisture percentage in seeds.
Hypermorph: A mutant allele that functions more effectively than the normal allele.
Mutagenesis: A newer method for crop improvement.
Nucleotide: Formed by a nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
Peroxisome: A single-membrane organelle.
Piche Atmometer: A porous paper used to measure the evaporative rate of water.
Psychrometer: Used to measure tissue water potential.
Kaolin: A type of radiation-reflecting material (5%).
Epidemic: A severe outbreak of disease from a low level of infection.
Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
Synthetic Variety: Can be developed from inbreds, clones, and open-pollinated varieties.
Pea Plant Phenotypes: A tall pea plant (DD) and a tall pea plant (Dd) share the same phenotype.
Recurrent Selection for SCA: A tester with a narrow genetic base (e.g., OPV) is used for evaluating lines.
Tetrad: Seen during the pachytene stage of meiosis.
Latent Trait: A trait not observed in wild relatives but present in segregates from crosses with wild relatives.
Pomato: A transgenic plant with genes from both potato and tomato.
Composites: Developed by mixing seeds from several phenotypically outstanding lines and encouraging open pollination.
Synthetic Variety: Produced by crossing lines that combine well with each other.
Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
ABA (Abscisic Acid): Known as the plant stress hormone.
Acentric/Dicentric Fragments: Result from a single crossover in paracentric inversions.
Acid Phosphatase: Acts as a marker enzyme in lysosomes.
Adaptive Research Trials: Conducted in an area of 0.5 acres.
Agar: A gelling agent used in culture medium.
Agrobacterium: Referred to as a natural genetic engineer.
Pure Line: All plants in a pure line have the same genotype.
Self-pollinated Varieties: All varieties in self-pollinated crops are pure lines.
Obligate Parasites: All viruses are obligate parasites.
Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
Codon-specific Amino Acids: Tryptophan and methionine each have a single codon.
Disease: An abnormal condition caused by an organism.
Seed Drill: An agro-machinery used for sowing operations.
Clone: An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or organism.
UV Rays: Example of a non-ionizing physical mutagen.
Anaphase: The shortest phase of mitosis.
Abortive Transcription: Refers to the formation of 2-9 oligonucleotides at the start of transcription.
Atlas-66: An important source of high protein in wheat.
Autotriploidy: Found in bananas.
Bajra: A cross-pollinated crop due to protogyny; rich in vitamins A and B.
Chromomeres: Bead-like structures seen during prophase.
Industrial Biotechnology: Biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.
Brassica Evolution: Brassica juncea evolved from B. campestris × B. nigra, and Brassica nigra evolved from B. campestris × B. oleracea.
Bread Wheat: Hexaploid.
Breeding for Yields: Aims at recovering transgressive segregants.
Breeding methods for self-pollinated crops include pure line selection, mass selection, progeny selection, bulk method, pedigree method, single seed descent method, and backcross method
Bulk is the method in which pollinated species are grown without selections.
Castor is a non-edible oil-yielding crop.
Cells without a cell wall are called protoplasts.
Centrioles are found only in animals.
Certified seed is produced from foundation or registered seed.
Characterizing large regions of chromosomes is done by chromosome walking.
Characters of sex-linked inheritance are observed more in the heterogametic sex.
Characters that express at a particular environment are referred to as threshold characters.
Characters that express in a particular environment are called threshold characters.
Chiasmata occurs at the diplotene stage.
Chromosomes appear smallest in anaphase.
Chromosomes are shortest and thickest during metaphase.
Chromosomes were discovered in 1875 by Strasburger.
Cleistogamy encourages self-pollination.
Clonal selection is mostly used in ginger.
Clones are said to be immortal but deteriorate due to viral infections and mutations.
Clones are said to be immortal, but they deteriorate due to viral infections and mutations.
Clones have identical genotypes but not necessarily the phenotype.
Competition between gametes carrying mutant and normal alleles is called haplontic selection.
Complete failure of vertical resistance can lead to a disease epidemic known as the Vertifolia effect.
Complete failure of vertical resistance leading to a disease epidemic is called the Vertifolia effect.
Conservation of germplasm away from its natural habitat is called ex-situ conservation.
Conservation of germplasm in its natural habitat, protecting it from human interference, is called in-situ conservation.
Continuous inbreeding (selfing) leads to homozygosity.
Conversion of fat into carbohydrates is seen in the glyoxylate cycle.
Crossing of F1 with its recessive parent is called a test cross.
Crossing of F1 with one of its parents is called back cross.
Crossing over and recombination occur during meiosis division.
Crossing over takes place during the pachytene stage.
Cross-linking of DNA is due to alkylating agents.
Cultivated banana is an autotriploid.
Cytokinin is mostly synthesized in root tips.
Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division in plant roots and shoots.
DCMU is a photosynthesis inhibitor.
Dehiscence of anthers of flowers before the stigma is receptive is called protandry.
Deoxy ribose sugar lacks an oxygen atom at the 2' carbon position.
Detrimental effect of the host plant on insect development is called antibiosis.
Development of an average phenotype irrespective of environmental or genetic variation is known as canalization.
Differences within a pure line are due to environmental factors.
Different alleles producing the same phenotype are referred to as isoalleles.
Differential rates of reproduction and survival of an organism are referred to as selection.
DIMBOA in maize leaves confers resistance against the European corn borer.
Disease resistance is governed by several genes.
DNA sequences that increase the function of the promoter are called enhancers.
DNA was first synthesized by A. Kornberg.
Dominance theory was proposed by Devenport in 1908.
Dominant genes for male sterility are observed in safflower.
Double cross hybrids of maize are developed using CGMS (Cytoplasmic Male Sterility) lines.
Embryogenesis is the process of formation of somatic embryos from callus.
Erucic acid is found in mustard.
Ethylene is a plant hormone in gaseous form.
Excessive performance of a cross beyond the expected GCA of parents is called specific combining ability.
Expression of transgenes in plants is affected by gene silencing, chromosome arrangement, and pleiotropy.
Five inbred lines will lead to 10 single crosses.
Formation of ice crystals at inter and intra-cellular levels is due to freezing stress.
Formation of male flowers is induced by GA3.
Foundation seed is otherwise known as mother seed.
Foundation seed is the progeny of breeder seed.
Four daughter cells are formed in one cycle of meiosis.
Functional gametes are formed due to alternate segregation.
Gamete is a sexual unit.
Gamma ray doses are expressed as gray.
GATT agreement came into force in 1948.
GATT stands for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now WTO).
GEAC stands for Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
Gene families originate by duplications followed by mutations.
Genetic male sterility is found in pigeon pea.
Genetic transformation in animal cells is called transfection.
Genetic transformation in animal cells is referred to as transfection.
Germplasm means a collection of genetic material.
Gibberellin is a plant hormone used to promote stem elongation and seed germination.
Glucose is also called dextrose.
GM stands for Genetically Modified seeds.
GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism.
Golden rice was developed by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer.
Gradual loss of variability from cultivated species or wild forms is called genetic erosion.
Gregg-399 is an important source of genetic male sterility in cotton.
Hand pollination during commercial seed production is practiced in cotton.
Haploids are developed by anther culture.
Harbhajan Singh is popularly known as the Indian Vavilov.
Heterosis is also known as hybrid vigor.
Heterozygosity is reduced by 50% for every generation of selfing.
Heterozygotic potential variability released as free variability occurs through segregation.
Hidden or unbound variability not available for selection is called potential variability.
High benzyl alcohol in wheat confers resistance against green bugs.
High ID is found in alfalfa and carrot.
High silica content in rice leaves and stems confers resistance against the yellow stem borer.
High silica content in rice leaves and stems confers resistance against the yellow stem borer.
Highly mutable sites within a gene are called hotspots.
Homologous genes within the same organism that encode related proteins with identical functions are called orthologues.
Homozygous and homogeneous lines are called pure lines.
Huxley referred to protoplasm as the physical basis of life.
Hybridization is common in the crop cotton.
Hybrids resulting from crosses between two or more inbreds or purelines are called conventional hybrids.
HYV means High Yielding Varieties.
HYVP was started in 1966.
Identical plants developed vegetatively from one mother plant are called clones.
If embryos develop from vegetative cells of the ovule (like the nucellus, integument, or chalaza) without producing an embryo sac, it is called adventive embryony.
In a seed, the food storage tissue is known as endosperm, cotyledon, or perisperm.
In cross-pollinated species, directional selection leads to a heterozygous balance.
In haploid organisms, non-dividing cells are blocked in the G2 phase.
In India, germplasm collections are maintained by NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources).
In India, seed certification is voluntary.
In India, seed certification is voluntary.
In India, the Seeds Act came into effect in 1969.
In India, the Seeds Act was enacted by parliament in 1966.
In plant tissue culture, 'HEPA' stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air.
In potatoes, protein quality has been improved by transferring the serum albumin gene from humans.
In pure line theory, Johannsen was working on the Princess variety of Rajma.
In seed technology, PBR stands for Plant Breeders' Rights.
In seed technology, TLS means Truthfully Labelled Seeds.
In self-pollinated species, directional selection leads to a homozygous balance.
In the Rag doll method of testing seed germination, the flannel cloth used is of size 35 cm x 27.5 cm.
In tobacco, cold resistance has been achieved by transferring a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana.
In Uniform Regional Trials (URTs), the trials are conducted at 25-30 locations.
Inability of freshly harvested seeds to germinate for a period is called dormancy.
Increased vigor and size of inter-specific hybrids is called luxuriance.
Individuals with AAXX are females.
Intra-specific hybridization refers to a cross between two plants of different varieties.
Intra-specific hybridization refers to a cross between two plants of different varieties.
In-vitro synthesis of DNA is done by Khurana.
IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), Philippines was established in 1960 by joint efforts of the Ford Foundation.
Isolation of hybrids and developing haploids is done by anthers/ovary.
Isolation of seed materials from the spread of diseases, weeds, and insect pests is known as quarantine.
Left-hand coiling is seen in Z-form DNA.
Linkage is detected by a test cross.
Liquid nitrogen at -196°C is useful in cryopreservation.
Loss of a genotype due to its failure to reach an optimum phenotype because of genotype-environment interaction is called genetic slippage.
Male sterility is transferred by backcross method.
Mass selection is always based on phenotype.
Mendel began his famous experiments on peas in 1857.
Mendel was born on July 22, 1822.
Mendel worked on 7 contrasting characters of the garden pea.
Meristem culture is a method of tissue culture.
Meristem culture is a method of tissue culture.
Migration is comparable to genotypic disassortative mating.
Mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell."
Mitochondria were discovered by C. Benda.
Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
Modern cultivars of the recent past are called obsolete cultivars.
Modified flowers that develop into plants directly without seed formation are called bulbils.
Monogenic sex determination is found in asparagus, papaya, maize, spinach, etc.
mRNA is primarily used for the transcription of DNA.
m-RNA is primarily used for the transcription of DNA.
Natural selection plays a more significant role in the bulk breeding method.
NBPGR's sub-station representing mixed climates is located at Akola.
Negative interference is observed in viruses.
Negative interference is observed in viruses.
Often cross-pollination occurs in safflower, arhar, cotton, and sorghum.
OMIM stands for Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
One allele that modifies other alleles in the same nucleus, affecting their function for a few generations, is called paramutation.
Onion and garlic are examples of bulbs.
Only one large chloroplast is seen in the cells of Chlamydomonas.
Organelles of the cell found only in plants are plastids and spherosomes.
Paramutations are due to heterochromatization or methylation of DNA.
Partially homologous chromosomes are called homeologous.
Permanent fixation of heterosis can be achieved by apomixes, vegetative reproduction, and the balanced lethal system.
Phenotypic ratio of Monocross hybrid is 3:1.
Phenotypically males but genetically females is a characteristic of Klinefelter’s syndrome.
Photosynthesis is an oxidation-reduction process.
Photosystem II is absent in C4 plants.
Places with varied climate conditions leading to different variations among crop species are called Centers of Diversity.
Plant hormones that regulate growth, particularly by stimulating cell elongation, are known as auxins.
Plant tissue culture techniques are performed in a laminar air flow chamber.
Plant tissue culture was begun by G. Haberlandt in 1808.
Plants produced using recombinant DNA techniques are called transgenic plants.
Plants that have been genetically produced using recombinant DNA techniques are known as transgenic plants.
Plants that owe their resistance by avoidance are known as water savers.
Plants that produce seeds that germinate before detaching from the parent are known as viviparous plants.
Plants that resist drought by avoiding water loss are called water savers.
Plants that show wilting but recover after water supply are experiencing permanent wilting.
Plants that wilt in mid-day and recover at night experience temporary wilting.
Pollen from one flower falling on the stigmas of another flower of the same plant is called geitonogamy.
Pollination and fertilization before flower opening is termed cleistogamy.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed by Dr. Karl Mullis in 1980.
Polyploids are most mutation-tolerant.
Potato is an autotetraploid.
Premature termination of transcription is referred to as attenuation.
Progeny selection is also known as the ear-to-row method of selection.
Progeny Test is also known as the Vilmorin isolation principle.
Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid and glucosinolates are called double zero varieties.
Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid are called single zero varieties.
Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid, low glucosinolates, and low fiber are called triple zero varieties.
Reciprocal recurrent selection was first developed by Comstock, Robinson, and Harvey.
Reduction or loss of vigor and fertility due to inbreeding is called inbreeding depression.
Registered seed is produced from foundation seed.
Removal of stamens, anthers, or killing of pollen to prevent selfing is called emasculation.
Repair of thymine dimers by the Phy gene product in the presence of blue light is called photoreactivation.
Resistance against chilling can be conferred by the accumulation of ABA in plant tissues.
RFLP stands for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
Ribosomes are the cell organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleolus.
Rolling circle replication of phages was discovered by Dresseler.
Rough ER is associated with ribosomes.
Scarification is a method to promote germination.
Seed collections meant for active use in breeding programs are called working collections.
Seed development by self-pollination is called autogamy.
Seed dormancy in rice is observed in the indica variety.
Seed labeling in India is compulsory.
Seedlessness in lemon is due to self-incompatibility.
Seeds that are desiccation-tolerant and have a long storage period are called orthodox seeds.
Seeds that lose their viability if moisture reduces to less than 12-30% are called recalcitrant seeds.
Segregating materials grown in different locations to facilitate selection for one trait in one location and another trait in another is termed shuttle breeding.
Selection favoring the intermediate phenotype and acting against extremes is called stabilizing selection.
Selection for one trait that reduces yield is referred to as yield penalty.
Selection for one trait that would reduce yield is referred to as yield penalty.
Selection in one direction for one generation and in the opposite direction in another generation is known as cyclic selection.
Self-pollinated species are also known as autogamous species.
Semi-conservative replication was postulated by Watson and Crick.
Semi-conservative replication was postulated by Watson and Crick.
Sex chromosomes are also called allosomes.
Sib pollination involving the stigma and pollen of two different individuals derived vegetatively from the same mother is called adelphogamy.
Single-stranded RNA as genetic material is seen in polio and influenza viruses.
Sphagnum moss is used as nursery growing media.
Strategic use of major genes to avoid boom and bust phenomena is called gene deployment.
Strong gluten strength is required for bread making.
Substitution of one purine by another pyrimidine is called a transversion.
Sudden heritable changes in the characters of an organism are called mutations.
Sugarcane, cotton, and brassica are autopolyploids.
Superiority of the hybrid to the standard variety is termed economic heterosis.
Synthetic varieties are maintained by open pollination.
Techniques used to promote homologous pairing and translocations are chromosome manipulation techniques.
TGMS and PGMS are commercially used in hybrid seed production (HSP) of rice for the first time.
The "Cell Theory" was given by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839.
The "germ plasm" theory was given by Weisman in 1889.
The “Germ Plasm” theory was given by Weisman in 1889.
The ability of a host to avoid or minimize loss in productivity despite infection by a pathogen is termed tolerance.
The ability of a host to avoid or minimize loss in productivity despite infection by a pathogen is termed tolerance.
The ability of an inbred to transmit desirable performance to hybrid progenies is called combining ability.
The accepted theory of Mendel is known as the law of segregation.
The adaptation of a variety, line, or population to a new environment is called acclimatization.
The appearance of the wild phenotype in F1 from a cross between two mutants is called complementation.
The arrangement of chromosomes in descending order of size is called a karyotype.
The artificial hybridization in fruit and vegetable crops was first used by T. A. Knight.
The autoradiograph of replication in E. coli was shown by J. Cairns.
The average performance of an inbred in a series of crosses with other inbreds is called general combining ability.
The best method for developing disease-resistant plants is back crossing.
The binding of a regulatory protein to an operator is necessary for transcription to begin in the case of positive control.
The book "Micrographia" was written by Robert Hooke.
The boom and bust cycle of pest outbreaks was described by Priestly.
The buffering capacity of a genotype to environmental fluctuations is called homeostasis.
The bulk method was first used by Nelson Ehle in 1908.
The capability of seeds to show living properties is called viability.
The capability of seeds to show living properties is termed viability.
The capacity of a pathogen to cause disease is called virulence.
The capacity of a pathogen to incite disease is known as virulence.
The cell division that occurs during the formation of micro and megaspores is meiosis.
The Central Seed Testing Laboratory is located in Varanasi and Nagpur.
The Central Seed Testing Laboratory is located in Varanasi.
The CGMS system is also known as nucleoplasmic male sterility.
The chiasma type theory of crossing over was proposed by Janssens.
The chromosomes seen as J-shaped during metaphase are known as acrocentric chromosomes.
The color of the tag prescribed for foundation seed is white.
The color of the tag prescribed for foundation seed is white.
The composition of unsaturated fatty acid in sunflower oil is 85%.
The concept of gamete selection to increase the frequency of superior gametes was given by Stadler.
The concept of pure line theory was developed by Johannsen in 1903.
The concept of totipotency was originally presented by Gottlieb Haberlandt.
The concept of vertical and horizontal resistance was developed by J. E. Vander Plank.
The controlling center of a cell is the nucleus.
The crop also known as “pungent pepper” is chilli.
The crop also known as eggplant is brinjal.
The cross between an inbred line and an open-pollinated variety is known as a top cross.
The cross between an inbred line and an open-pollinated variety is known as a top cross.
The diagrammatic representation of karyotype is also referred to as an ideotype.
The diallel selective mating design was given by Jenson.
The difference in behavior or activity between the alleles contributed by two parents in an individual is called genetic imprinting.
The discovery of DNA as genetic material was conducted by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.
The DNA molecule that undergoes replication is referred to as a template.
The dot blot technique helps in the detection of DNA sequences.
The double helix model of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.
The double helix model of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.
The Drosophila of the plant kingdom is Arabidopsis.
The effect of one gene on the expression of another gene is called epistasis.
The effect of pollen grains on maternal tissues is known as metaxenia.
The escape of a host plant from damage is termed avoidance.
The exchange of homologous segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is called crossing over.
The expected crossovers to observed crossovers is called coincidence.
The extra chromosome in a primary trisomic is a normal chromosome.
The extra chromosome in a secondary trisomic is an isochromosome.
The extra chromosome in a tertiary trisomic is a translocated chromosome.
The extra chromosome in a tertiary trisomic is a translocated chromosome.
The failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower is called self-incompatibility.
The father of biochemical genetics is Garrod.
The father of genetic engineering is Paul Berg.
The father of genetics is Gregor John Mendel.
The father of modern genetics is T.H. Morgan.
The father of plant genetic resources is N.I. Vavilov.
The first genetically modified food product was a tomato, which was transformed to delay its ripening.
The first genetically modified food product was a tomato, which was transformed to delay its ripening.
The first inter-genetic cross made by Rimpu in 1890 is triticale.
The first inter-specific hybrid of cotton is Varalaxmi.
The first inter-specific hybrid of cotton was Varalaxmi.
The first inter-varietal hybrid of cotton was H-4, developed by C.T. Patel in 1970.
The first stable product formed in C3 plants is PGA (3-phosphoglycerate).
The first time a gene was divided into cistron, muton, and recon was done by Benzer in 1955.
The first transgenic cotton was developed in 1987 by Monsanto Company.
The first-generation progeny of a hybrid is referred to as a segregate.
The folded fiber model was given by Dupraw.
The frego bract in cotton confers resistance against boll weevil.
The functional unit of life is the cell.
The fundamental unit of crop production is the seed.
The gene bank of wheat is situated in Karnal, Haryana.
The gene pool concept was given by Harlan and Devet.
The gene-for-gene hypothesis was given by Harold Flor.
The general breeding method is introduction.
The general concept in the development of synthetic varieties is the exploitation of hybrid vigor.
The genetics of disease resistance is given by Biffen.
The genic balance system of sex determination was proposed by Bridges in 1922.
The GM crop that was recently at the center of a controversy in India is Bt Brinjal.
The Golgi complex is referred to as the traffic policeman of the cells.
The highest uniformity is observed in single cross hybrids.
The horizontal axis of a graph (X-axis) is called the abscissa.
The hypothesis explaining that allopolyploids evolved by inter-specific hybridization followed by chromosome doubling is known as the Winge Hypothesis.
The hypothesis explaining that horizontal resistance is the cumulative effect of vertical resistance genes which succumbed to corresponding virulence genes of pathogens is the ghost gene hypothesis.
The ideotype concept was developed by Donald in 1968.
The ideotype that performs best in commercial crop densities is known as the Crop Ideotype.
The ideotype that performs well in a genetically heterogeneous population is called a competition ideotype.
The incompatibility reaction of pollen controlled by the genotype of the plant is called sporophytic self-incompatibility.
The individual integrity of chromosomes is maintained by telomeres.
The inflorescence of banana, arecanut, coconut, and date palm is called a spadix.
The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was established in 1924.
The introduction of medicinal plants into India will be routed through BSI (Botanical Survey of India).
The inversion where the centromere is involved in the inverted segment is called pericentric inversion.
The isolation distance for hybrid paddy seed production: Foundation class – 200 meters, Certified class – 100 meters.
The isolation distance to be followed while cultivating rice for certified seeds is 3 m.
The lagging strand replicates discontinuously and produces Okazaki fragments.
The largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell is the nucleus.
The law stating that gene and genotypic frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation if there is no selection, mutation, migration, or random drift is known as the H-W law (Hardy-Weinberg law).
The law that explains characters found in one species also occurring in other related species is known as the law of homologous series of variation.
The laws of heredity were first discovered by G.J. Mendel.
The linkage of dominant genes hypothesis was given by Jones.
The longest chromosome is seen in Trillium species.
The longest mitotic phase is prophase.
The lowest number of chromosomes in a plant is seen in Haplopappus gracilis.
The main function of the Golgi body is packing and transport of food materials.
The main objectives of hybridization are combination breeding, transgressive breeding, and developing new F1s.
The main source of male sterility in bajra is Tift-23 A.
The main source of male sterility in sorghum is Tift-60.
The majority of mutations are harmful in nature.
The male sterility used when the seed is not an economical product/value is known as CMS (Cytoplasmic Male Sterility).
The marker protein for mitochondria is cytochrome-C.
The mass pedigree method was proposed by J.B. Harrington in 1937.
The material contained in vacuoles is cell sap.
The mechanisms of insect resistance were given by Painter.
The meristem culture technique was developed by George Morel.
The metals used in the particle bombardment method are gold and tungsten.
The minimum germination percentage prescribed for cucumber seed is 60%.
The most abundant form of RNA is rRNA (80%).
The most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments is Murashige & Skoog medium.
The most commonly used method for selection from segregation generations of crosses in self-pollinated crops is the pedigree method.
The most commonly used potential chemical mutagen for inducing male sterility is ethidium bromide.
The mutant gene responsible for high lysine content in maize is called opaque-2.
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is located in New Delhi (1976).
The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) functions as a producer of foundation seeds.
The naturally occurring auxin is IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid).
The NBPGR sub-station representing an arid climate is located in Jodhpur.
The NBPGR sub-station representing temperate climate is located in Shimla.
The NBPGR sub-station representing the tropical climate is located at Kanyakumari.
The newly proposed seed act of India was introduced in 2004.
The nucleosome solenoid model was given by Korenberg and Thomas.
The nucleus is absent in companion cells of phloem and RBCs.
The nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1833.
The occurrence of one crossing over in a region that suppresses the occurrence of another crossing over in its vicinity is known as interference.
The oldest method of selection is mass selection.
The one gene one polypeptide hypothesis was proposed by Vernon Ingram.
The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was proposed by Beadle and Tatum in 1941.
The operon model of gene regulation was discovered by Jacob and Monod in 1961.
The organelle known as the "dustbin of the cell" is the vacuoles.
The organelle known as the "engine of the cell" is the ribosome.
The organelle known as the "suicidal bag of the cell" is the lysosome.
The organelle known as the dustbin of the cell is the vacuoles.
The organelle of the cell that is non-living is the cell wall.
The parent with the desirable character to be transferred in a cross is the donor parent.
The phenomenon where seed-like structures develop without fertilization is called apomixis.
The phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.
The plant cell is a eukaryote.
The plant part used for micro-propagation is an explant.
The plastid responsible for color in plants is the chromoplast.
The plastid responsible for photosynthesis in plants is the chloroplast.
The point at which plants die completely and do not recover is known as the ultimate wilting point.
The portion of the plant embryo that gives rise to the first true leaves is known as the plumule.
The possible number of straight crosses, along with reciprocals, with 10 inbred lines is 90.
The presence of a physical barrier between anthers and stigma that promotes cross-pollination is termed herkogamy.
The primary electron acceptor in PS-II is pheophytin.
The process of bringing wild species under human management is referred to as domestication.
The process of chromatid separation is called disjunction.
The process of culture and then producing double haploids is known as reverse breeding.
The process of fruit development without fertilization is known as parthenocarpy.
The process of generating mature RNA is called splicing.
The process of shoot and root differentiation from somatic embryos is called organogenesis.
The process of subjecting seeds to cold and moist conditions to promote germination is called stratification.
The process of using DNA information to construct mRNA is called transcription.
The process of using information from DNA to construct m-RNA is called transcription.
The process where pollination and fertilization occur but the developing embryos abort is called stenospermocarpy.
The production of non-functional pollen grains is called male sterility.
The progeny obtained from a cross between two facultative apomicts is called a vybrid.
The progeny obtained from a cross between two facultative apomicts is called a vybrid.
The progeny of a single self-pollinated crop is called a pureline.
The progeny test is also known as the Vilmorin isolation principle.
The progeny test was first given by Louis D. Vilmorin while working on sugar beets.
The project on Indian mustard oil with higher β-carotene was initiated by Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI).
The prokaryotic organism that does not contain mitochondria is bacteria.
The promoter region can be identified by footprinting.
The property of an individual to produce progeny is called prepotency.
The proportion of variability expressed as phenotype is called free variability.
The Rag Doll Method or Paper Method is a method of testing seed germination.
The rapid advancement of generations of cross is the objective of the single seed descent method.
The ratio between observed frequencies of double crossovers.
The rediscovery of Mendel’s work was done by Hugo de Vries, Erich Correns, and Erich Tschermak in 1900.
The regeneration capacity or ability of a plant cell to develop into a whole plant is known as totipotency.
The regeneration capacity or ability of a plant cell to develop into a whole plant is called totipotency.
The removal of RNA primer during DNA replication in prokaryotes is done by DNA pol-1.
The resistance of a host to a particular race of a pathogen is referred to as vertical resistance.
The resistance of a host to a specific race of a pathogen is called vertical resistance.
The resistance of a host to all races of a pathogen is known as horizontal resistance.
The result of triple fusion (3n) is the formation of endosperm.
The scheme according to which individuals are mated to produce a sexual progeny is called a mating system.
The seed collections that are meant to be used actively in breeding programs are called working collections.
The selection of superior individuals based on phenotype is known as mass selection.
The selection that leads to speciation is termed disruptive selection.
The significance of the nucleus was given by Hammerling.
The single seed descent method was first applied in oat in 1965 by Graphius.
The sink is limited in cereals.
The site of protein synthesis is the ribosome.
The site of spindle fiber attachment is called the centromere.
The soil-borne bacterium used for the development of transgenic plants is Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in bajra is Tifton 21 A.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in cauliflower is Ogura cytoplasm.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in chili is Capsicum annum.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in cotton is G. harkness.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in jowar is Combine kafir-60.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in maize is Texas cytoplasm.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in rice is wild abortive.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in rice is wild abortive.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in sunflower is Helianthus petolaris.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in tobacco is N. microcephalis.
The source of male sterile cytoplasm in wheat is Agelops caudata.
The stage of DNA synthesis in mitosis is interphase.
The storage protein in maize is called zein.
The storage protein in maize is zein.
The study of interactions between antigens and antibodies is known as serology.
The substitution of one purine by another pyrimidine is called a transversion.
The sum total of harmful, unfavorable genes constitutes the genetic load of a species.
The sum total of hereditary material, i.e., all the alleles of various genes in a crop species and its wild relatives, is called germplasm.
The superiority of F1 over any of its parents in any character is called heterosis.
The superiority of F1 over the better parent in any character is known as heterobeltiosis.
The superiority of F2 or later generations to the better parent is called transgressive segregation.
The superiority of F2 or later generations to the better parent is known as transgressive segregation.
The suspension of free cells of callus in a liquid medium is known as suspension culture.
The tag color or label of a breeder seed is yellow.
The tag color or label of a breeder seed is yellow.
The tag color or label of a registered seed is purple.
The tag color or label of certified seed is azure blue.
The technique used to detect a specific DNA/RNA sequence is the DOT blot technique.
The technique used to minimize gene expression is antisense RNA technology.
The tendency to eliminate undesirable genotypes from a population is known as selection pressure.
The term "blue biotechnology" describes applications in the marine and aquatic environments.
The term "chromosome" was coined by Waldeyer in 1888.
The term "crossing over" was first used by Morgan and Cattell.
The term "endoplasmic reticulum" was coined by Porter in 1945.
The term "genetic resources" was coined by Frankel.
The term "genetics" was coined by Bateson in 1905.
The term "genomics" was coined by Thomas Roderick in 1986.
The term "heterosis" was given by Shull in 1914.
The term "mitosis" was first given by Walter Flemming in 1882.
The term "plastids" was introduced by Lederberg.
The term “chromosome” was coined by Waldeyer in 1888.
The term “Genetics” was coined by W. Bateson in 1905.
The term “Genomics” was coined by Thomas Roderick in 1986.
The term “mitosis” was first given by Walter Flemming in 1882.
The term Lysosome was first used by Duve in 1955.
The term meiosis was coined by Farmer & Moore in 1905.
The term mitosis was coined by Flemming in 1882.
The term recurrent selection was coined by Hull in 1945.
The term self-incompatibility was coined by Stout.
The terms gene, genotype, and phenotype were used by Johansen in 1903.
The terms prophase, metaphase, and anaphase were coined by Strasburger.
The theory of "Acquired Characteristics" was proposed by Lamarck.
The theory of evolution through natural selection was given by C. Darwin and A. R. Wallace (1858).
The theory of inheritance was proposed by G.J. Mendel.
The thermal degradation of biomass into volatile and non-volatile products prior to combustion is known as pyrolysis.
The three states of variability—free, homozygotic, and heterozygotic potential variability—are at equilibrium in a random mating system.
The toxic compound in Lathyrus (Khesari) is BOAA.
The toxic substances in alfalfa are saponin and plant estrogen.
The transfer of genetic material from m-RNA to protein is called translation.
The transfer of genetic material from mRNA to protein is known as translation.
The two strands of the DNA helix are held together by hydrophobic forces.
The type of cell found in bacteria and blue-green algae (BGA) is prokaryotic cell.
The unit in which mutation occurs is called a muton.
The use of genetic factors to make male gametes non-functional is called genetic emasculation.
The use of synthetics in maize was first suggested by Hayes & Garber.
The vertical axis of a graph (Y-axis) is called the ordinate.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in the year 1995.
The world’s first pigeon pea hybrid, ICPH-8, was developed in 1997 from ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
The world’s first seed testing laboratory was established in Germany in 1869.
The Y-radiated papaya variety that was commercialized is Pusa Nanha.
There are 2 kinds of cells found in the living world: Eukaryote and Prokaryote.
Transformation experiments were conducted by Griffith.
Transgenic genetic male sterility is used commercially for hybrid seed production in crucifers.
Triplet sequence in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid is called a codon.
Triplet sequence in t-RNA is called an anticodon.
Trisomy of chromosome 13 in humans leads to Patau's syndrome.
Trisomy of chromosome 18 in humans leads to Edward's syndrome.
Trisomy of chromosome 21 leads to Down's syndrome.
Twins showing similar phenotypes for a trait are referred to as concordance.
Two daughter cells are formed in one cycle of mitosis.
UNEP stands for United Nations Environment Programme.
Unstained and dividing cells are studied using a phase contrast microscope.
Variation observed in in-vitro cultured plants is called somaclonal variation.
Vertical resistance is governed by one or few genes.
Vertifolia is a variety of potato.
Wheat varieties resistant to all three rusts are Sparrow and Chhoti Lerma.
When introduced material is subjected to selection or hybridization, it is called secondary introduction.
When male and female flowers of a hermaphrodite mature at different times, it is called dichogamy.
When non-homologous centromeres move to one pole, it is termed adjacent-1 disjunction.
When pathogen genes match all resistance genes in the host, it results in susceptibility.
When the female matures before the male, it's called protogyny.
Within large centers of diversity, small areas that exhibit greater diversity than the center as a whole are termed micro centers.
WTO stands for World Trade Organization.
X-ray crystallography of purified DNA was revealed by Wilkins and Franklin.
X-rays as a mutagen were first used by Muller.