• Important triploid plants include bananas, watermelons, and apples.
  • Manipulating chromosome number for crop improvement is called ploidy breeding.
  • In cotton, the longer outgrowth fiber is called lint.
  • In cotton, the shorter outgrowth fiber is called fuzz.
  • Downy mildew resistant male sterile lines in bajra include MS521A, MS541A, and MS570A.
  • In Drosophila, inheritance of Sigma particles is an example of inheritance due to infective particles.
  • In flour moth, inheritance of pigment was reported by Caspari.
  • In maize, the female flower is called a cob.
  • In maize, the male flower is called a tassel.
  • In humans, X-isochromosome causes gonadal dysgenesis.
  • In Melandrium, four regions of the Y chromosome include male suppression, male promoter, male fertility, and pairing regions.
  • Regions showing diversity without being the origin are called secondary centres of origin.
  • When pistils mature before stamens, the condition is called protogyny.
  • When stamens mature before pistils, the condition is called protandry.
  • Flowers that do not open at all exhibit cleistogamy.
  • Flowers that open only after pollination exhibit chasmogamy.
  • In maize, zein is the main protein, deficient in tryptophan and lysine, improved by Opaque-2.
  • Zein is the endosperm protein found in maize.
  • In plants, gametes are produced in flowers.
  • Meiotic division in plants occurs in stamens and pistils.
  • Coiling pattern in water snail shell was studied by Sturtevant.
  • Random mating implies equal chances of female gametes uniting with male gametes.
  • Synapsis occurs during the zygotene stage of meiosis.
  • Inability of pollen to fertilize ovules of the same plant is called self-incompatibility.
  • Inflorescence in sugarcane is called an arrow.
  • Inheritance through cytoplasmic genes is called cytoplasmic inheritance.
  • Inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Lamarck.
  • The initiation codon for protein synthesis is AUG (methionine).
  • Epistasis is interaction among genes at different loci for the same trait.
  • IPGRI is located in Rome.
  • HEPA in tissue culture stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air.
  • In potato, serum albumin gene from humans improved protein quality.
  • Johannsen developed pure line theory using Princess variety of rajma.
  • Flannel cloth used in Rag doll method is 35 cm × 27.5 cm.
  • In rice, the leaf sheath is the lower portion of the leaf that encloses the stem.
  • Seed dormancy in rice is observed in Indica varieties.
  • In secondary trisomics, an isochromosome serves as an extra chromosome.
  • PBR in seed technology stands for Plant Breeders' Rights.
  • TLS in seed technology means Truthfully Labelled Seeds.
  • Additive gene variance is lower in early segregating generations (F2, F3) of self-pollinated crops.
  • Directional selection in self-pollinated species leads to homozygous balance.
  • Ultimate wilting point is when the plant dies completely without recovery.
  • Cold resistance in tobacco was achieved using a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • Uniform Regional Trials (URT) are conducted at 25–30 locations.
  • If vr-wr graph passes through origin, it indicates complete dominance (D = h).
  • Durable resistance in wheat includes resistance to green bug, stem sawfly, and Hessian fly.
  • Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
  • Crossing over occurs during the pachytene stage.
  • Increased performance of F1 over parents is called heterosis.
  • Increased vigor and size in interspecific hybrids is called luxuriance.
  • Independently assorted characters segregate independently.
  • Indian Seed Act was enacted in 1966.
  • Indian Seed Bill was introduced in 2004.
  • Telomeres maintain the individual integrity of chromosomes.
  • Inflorescence of black gram is axillary.
  • Painter proposed the concept of insect resistance.
  • Psychrometer is used to measure tissue water potential.
  • IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) is located in the Philippines.
  • ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) was established in 1924.
  • Intra-specific hybridization is a cross between two different varieties of the same species.
  • Introduction of medicinal plants into India is routed through BSI (Botanical Survey of India).
  • Introgressive breeding transfers genes from wild to cultivated species.
  • Introns were discovered by Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharp.
  • In-vitro DNA synthesis was achieved by Har Gobind Khorana.
  • IRRI was established in 1960 with support from the Ford Foundation.
  • IS element-type transposons are common in bacteria.
  • Viability is the capability of seeds to exhibit living properties.
  • Isolation distance for certified rice seed is 3 meters.
  • Haploids are developed from anthers or ovaries during hybrid isolation.
  • Quarantine is the isolation of seed material to prevent disease and pest spread.
  • Isolation distance for foundation seed of sunflower is 400 meters.
  • Jacob and Monod received the Nobel Prize for operon hypothesis.
  • The Journal of Genetics was founded by Bateson and Punnett.
  • Jumping genes were discovered by Barbara McClintock.
  • Male sterility in sorghum is found in Kafir 60.
  • Kanamycin and tetracycline are selectable markers in transformation.
  • Karan 280 is a drought-tolerant barley variety.
  • Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for discovering ABO blood groups.
  • Karl Pearson developed the chi-square test.
  • BOAA is the neurotoxin found in khesari.
  • Klinefelter syndrome is caused by nondisjunction and is a trisomic condition (2n+1).
  • Kranz anatomy is present in sugarcane.
  • KSML stands for Kalyan Sona Multiline.
  • L × T method is useful for both GCA and SCA analysis.
  • Lagging strand has a 5′ to 3′ direction.
  • Lagging strand contains Okazaki fragments.
  • Lampbrush chromosomes are seen in the diplotene stage.
  • Landraces of self-pollinated crops are homozygous but heterogeneous.
  • Landraces have a broad genetic base.
  • Supercomputers are the largest type of computers.
  • The term somaclonal variation was coined by Larkin and Scowcroft.
  • The last step in micropropagation is hardening.
  • Lattice design is used when treatments are many and form a square.
  • Vavilov's Law of Homologous Series is also known as Law of Parallel Variation.
  • Laws of heredity were discovered by G.J. Mendel.
  • Leading strand has a 3′ to 5′ direction.
  • Leaf rust in wheat is caused by Puccinia recondita.
  • Leafy vegetables like palak, amaranthus, and spinach are highly cross-pollinated.
  • Z-form DNA shows left-handed coiling.
  • Core DNA surrounding the nucleosome has a length of 147 base pairs.
  • SCAR markers are typically 20–25 nucleotides long.
  • Progenitor of lentils is Lens orientalis.
  • Hybrid exploitation in wheat is limited due to complex inheritance and low heterosis expression in its polyploid genome.