•   1 picogram is equal 978 mega base pair.
  •  1.5% of agarose gel is required for accessing integrity of selected genomic region from eukaryotes. 
  •   13% of moisture is ideal for certified seeds of Rice.
  •   2:1:1 ratio of test cross progeny is observed in? Dominant Epistasis.
  •   5 inbred lines will lead to ……. no. of single crosses? n (n-1)/2= 10.
  •   70s type ribosome is found in? Mitochondria.
  •   A binary digit 0 and 1 refers to bit.
  •  A biological model expected to perform in a predictable manner within a defined environment is called as? Ideotype.
  •   A chemical used to test the viability of seeds? 2,3,5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride.
  •   A basic or monoploid set of chromosomes of an individual is known as Genome.
  •   A cross between a hybrid and one of its parents is known as Backcross.
  •   A cross between hybrid and a recessive homozygote are referred to as Testcross.
  •   A cross between hybrid and any one of the parents are referred to as Backcross.
  •   A cross between parents differing in a single gene are referred to as Monohybrid.
  •   A cross which involves parents differing for many pairs of contrasting characters Polyhybrid.
  •   A cross which involves parents differing for two pairs of contrasting characters are referred to as Dihybrid Cross.
  •   A group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry is called as Clade.
  •  A line drawing showing the linked genes and the recombination frequencies between them is known as—Linkage map, Genetic map or Chromosome map.
  •  A mechanism by which cells ingest extracellular fluid and its contents known as Pinocytosis.
  • A study of the structural and functional within a cell is known as Cytology.
  •  Additions or subtractions of individual chromosomes is known as Aneuploidy.
  •  Additive gene exhibit lack of dominance.
  •  Additive gene variance is heritable fixable.
  •  Additive genetic variance is related to homozygosity, transgressive segregation and narrow sense heritability.
  • After hulling of paddy, the produce obtained is known as Brown rice.
  •  Alkaptonuria is a human disease characterized by excessive secretion of alkapton in the urine.
  • Alkylating agent by EMS.
  •   All pulses belong to the sub family Papilionaceae.
  •   Alterations in whole chromosome sets are referred to Euploidy.
  •   Alternative form of a gene is known as Allele.
  •   American cotton is also called as New world cotton or Tetraploid cotton.
  •  Among the 22-wild species of rice which is having diploid in nature O. Sativa and O. Glaberrima.
  • An ancestor for all the cultivated species of wheat is T. boeoticum.
  •   An individual carrying the gametic chromosome number (n) is known as – Haploid.
  •  An organism derived from the union of gametes of dissimilar genetic constitution is known as Heterozygote.
  •   An organism derived from the union of gametes of similar genetic constitution is known as Homozygote.
  •   An organism reproduction involves fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, which develops into an embryo are known as sexual reproduction.
  •   An organism does not involve fusion of male and female gametes. New plants may develop either from vegetative parts of the plant (vegetative reproduction) or they may arise from embryos that develop without fertilization are known as Asexual reproduction.
  •   Anther culture technique was first developed by Guha and Maheshwari.
  •  Anticodon is present in the tRNA.
  •  Any change in the chromosome number from the diploid is referred to Heteroploidy.
  •   Any change which alters the normal structure of a chromosome is known as Chromosomal mutations.
  •   Any organisms with more than two sets of chromosomes or genomes is known as Polyploid.
  •  Any two genes on a particular chromosome is very close to each other and move together to the gametes and no recombination/cross overs/chiasma between these two loci is called as — Completely linked genes.
  •   Any two genes on the same chromosome but show moderate level of cross overs is known as — Incompletely linked.
  •   A cross between OPV and inbred is Top cross.
  •   A cross made between F1 of two inbred pairs of different origin is called as double cross.
  •  A fruit which developed from an inflorescence is called? Composite fruit.
  •   Genome-wide association study (abbreviated GWAS) is a research approach used to identify genomic variants that are statistically associated with a risk for a disease or a particular trait. The method involves surveying the genomes of many people, looking for genomic variants that occur more frequently in those with a specific disease or trait compared to those without the disease or trait. Once such genomic variants are identified, they are typically used to search for nearby variants that contribute directly to the disease or trait. GWAS is a method for the study of associations between a genome-wide set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and desired phenotypic traits. The quantitative evaluation is based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) through genotyping and phenotyping of diverse individuals. Generally, GWAS infers these associations through a hypothesis test with pertinent test statistics such as Pearson’s x2 -test, Fisher’s exact test, the F-test, or a regression model under a null hypothesis assumes no association.
  • A genotype developed by the process of genetic engineering is called? Transgenics.
  •   A group of 8 bits referred to byte.
  •   A hybrid is always Heterozygous.
  • A mass of regenerated cells in culture medium is called? Callus.
  • A mechanism of self-pollination in which flowers open but only after pollination has taken place? Chasmogamy.
  • A method for improving specific traits i.e. plant height, disease resistance? Pedigree method.
  • A minimum set of accessions that together represent genetic diversity is called as? Core collections.
  • A novel strategy to detect genetic differences among organisms, DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), uses a thermostable DNA polymerase directed by usually one short (≥5 bp) oligonucleotide primer of arbitrary sequence to amplify short segments of genomic DNA and generate a range of DNA extension products. DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF) is one of the recent amplification based nucleic acid scanning techniques. DAF utilizes primers of 5-12 nts of length of arbitrary sequence.
  • A polyploid having chromosome sets different sources such as different species is known as allopolyploid.
  • A porus paper witches atmometer for measuring evaporative rate of water? Piche atmometer.
  • A sample of crop variety collected at specific location and time which may be of any size is accession.
  • A synthetic variety can be developed from? Inbreeds, clones and open pollinated varieties.
  • A tall pea plant (DD) and a tall pea plant (Dd) have what in common? Phenotype.
  • A tester with narrow genetic base i.e. O.P.V or synthetic is used for evaluating lines for? Recurrent selection for SCA.
  • A transgenic plant containing genes from both potato and tomato plants? Pomato.
  • A variety developed by mixing seeds of several phenotypically outstanding lines and encouraging open pollination is? Composites.
  • A variety produced by crossing in all combinations a number of lines that combine well each other? Synthetic variety.
  • A virus that infects bacteria is? Bacteriophage.
  • ABA hormone is responsible for submergence tolerance in Rice.
  • ABA is known as the plant stress hormone causing inhibition to plant growth.
  • Ability of a host to avoid or minimize loss in productivity instead of its infection by a pathogen is? Tolerance.
  • Ability of genotype to survive in mixture generally referred as competitive ability or fitness.
  • Abscisic acid is a stress hormone.
  • Absence of more than one chromosomes from diploid cells is called as nullisomy.
  • Absence of whole chromosome from diploid is called monosomy.
  • According to Stevenson the centre of origin of Sachharum robustum is new guinea.
  • Acentric and dicentric fragments are the result of a single crossover in? Paracentric inversions.
  • Acid phosphatase acts as marker enzyme in? Lysosome.
  • Active collection is conserved for 8-10 years and stored at 0 degree.
  • Adaptation of a variety, line or population to a new environment is called as? Acclimatization.
  • Addition or deletion of one or two bases to DNA strand causes Frame shift mutation.
  • Additive gene action is associated with homozygosity and is more in self-pollinated species
  • Additive variance which results due to average effects of genes on all segregating loci.
  • Adenine and guanine are purines with double ring.
  • Adenine bonds with thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds.
  •  Adoptive Research Trails are conducted in? 0.5-acre area.
  • Advanced backcross (AB) QTL analysis is a method which combines QTL analysis with variety development. AB-QTL approach displayed that the genetic potential of exotic germplasm cannot be predicted based on phenotype alone.
  • Adventive embryony is the development of embryo from nucellus or integuments.
  • Agar is a gelling agent in culture medium
  • Agarose is a polyacrylamide.
  • All available varieties in self-pollinated crops are? Pure lines
  • All the microspores produced are functional whereas only ¼ th of megaspore produced are functional.
  • All the plants in the pure line have same? Genotype.
  • All the plants were cosexual but due to some mutants they have become unisexual.
  • Some of the families of malvaceae have large and attractive flowers and they are self pollinated.
  •  Alterative form of a gene is known as? Allele.
  • Amino acid deficient in pulses are tryptophan and methionine.
  • Amino acid deficient in soybean is methionine.
  • Amino acids with single codon each are? Tryptophan, Methionine.
  • Among pollen grain and female gamete pollen is more sensitive to environmental disturbance.
  • Amylase enzyme is resistant for insect.
  • An agro-machinery used for sowing operation? Seed Drill.
  • An amino acid that cannot participate in alpha helical formation is called phenylalanine.
  • An enzyme that uses single stranded RNA as template for making double stranded DNA is reverse transcriptase.
  • An organism has a heritable variation as a result of sudden change in the heredity material is called as mutant.
  • Analysis of covariance permits estimation of PV, GV and EV and PCV, GCV and ECV.
  • Ancestor of Maize is Zea Mexicana.
  • Anticodon is present in tRNA.
  • Antixenosis occurs when there is non-preference for the resistant plant compared to a susceptible one.
  • Apogamy is development of embryo either from synergids or antipodal cells.
  • Apomixis is classified in two groups as adventive embryony and gametophytic apomixis. Gametophytic apomixis is further classified as apospory and diplospory.
  • Apomixis is development of seed without fertilization.
  • Apospory – Some vegetative cells of the ovule develop into unreduced embryo sac through a series of mitotic division without meiosis. Ex: Orchids
  • Average effect of genes on all segregating loci is called additive variance.
  • Fisher’s classification of genetic variance is mostly accepted.
  • In natural breeding population the magnitude of epistatic variance is lowest.
  • The gene action which cannot be fixed as true breeding line is called non fixable gene action.
  • If the additive genetic variance is high synthetic varities should be developed in cross pollinated species.
  • If the dominance variance is high development of hybrid varities will be beneficial.
  • Additive variance is predominant in natural breeding populations.
  • Transgressive segregants occurs from crossing involving parents with intermediate value.
  • Apospory is the development of embryo sac directly from diploid egg cell.
  • Appearance of wild phenotype in F1 from cross between two mutants is? Complementation
  • Arabidopsis genome size is 125mb.
  • Aroma in rice is governed by recessive genes and mendelian inheritance.
  • Arrangement of chromosomes in descending order of size is? Karyotype
  • Arthur Kornberg, a prolific researcher who described his career as a “love affair with enzymes,” discovered DNA polymerase, an enzyme critical to DNA replication. Kornberg shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Severo Ochoa, who discovered RNA polymerase.
  • Artificial nylon prepared from castor is Rilsan.
  • Artificial induced mutations are less viable then natural mutations.
  • Artificial pollination of date palm done first by Babylonians and Assyrian in 700BC.
  • As the number of genes governing a trait becomes smaller its improvement becomes easier.
  • Association mapping (AM) is an approach that accounts for thousands of polymorphisms to evaluate the effects of quantitative trait loci (QTL). It is an important instrument for identification of alleles and new genes as well as dissection of complex characters.
  • Start of transcription 2-9 oligo-nucleotides formed is? Abortive transcription
  • Atlas-66 is an important source of high protein in? Wheat.
  • Augmented design discovered by Federer.
  • Autogamy is development of seed by self pollination and allogamy is development of seed by cross pollination.
  • Autoradiograph of replication in E. coli was shown by? J Cairns.
  • Autotriploidy is found in? Banana.
  • Average performance of an inbred in series of crosses with other inbreds is called? General combining ability.
  • Average temperature required for rice crop is is 21-37 degree.
  • Additive genetic variance is a prerequisite for genetic gain under selection.
  • Non additive gene action is a prerequisite for heterosis.
  • The magnitude of epistatic variance is lowest in natural breeding populations.
  • B form is common form of DNA present in living organisms
  • Back cross reduces heterozygosity same rate as selfing.
  • Backward genetics is molecular approach that begins with DNA sequence and proceeds to phenotype.
  • Bagging is done to prevent cross pollination.
  • Bajra is a cross pollinated crop due to? Protogyny condition.
  •  Bajra is a rich source of? Vitamin A & Vitamin B.
  • Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in Maize.
  • Barnase and Barnstar gene is isolated from Bacillus amiloliquifaciens which is for transgenic male sterility.
  • Base collections include maximum number of accessions available for a crop. Meant for long term upto 50 years and are stored at -20 degree.
  • Basic chromosome number is monoploid.
  • Basmati rice is an example of Agricultural Geographical indication.
  • Bead like structures seen during prophases is called as? Chromomere.
  • Best method of variation is standard deviation.
  • Binding of regulatory protein to operator is necessary for transcription to begin in case of? Positive control.
  • Biodiversity is totality of genes, species and ecosystems in a region or the world.
  • Biparental population have two parents.
  • Black revolution - Petroleum production.
  • Blast results are sorted by E-value by default (best hit in first line). The smaller the E-value, the better the match.