General agriculture pointer - 102

1. The origin of the potato is Peru (South America), where it was first cultivated by indigenous peoples.
2. The origin of tobacco is in Mexico and Central America, where it was used by native populations long before European contact.
3. The state with the highest area of summer maize is Bihar, known for its extensive maize cultivation during the summer season.
4. The highest consumption of K (potassium) fertilizer in India occurs in Maharashtra, reflecting its extensive agricultural activities.
5. The highest area of cereals in India is primarily occupied by rice and wheat, which are staple crops in the country.
6. The highest production of cereals in the world is in wheat, which is a staple food crop globally.
7. De suckering is a process related to tobacco production, where excess suckers (unwanted shoots) are removed to improve yield and quality.
8. The Harvest Index is typically low in pulses compared to other crops, reflecting their higher biomass relative to grain yield.
9. The weight of 100 seeds is known as the seed index, a measure used to evaluate seed quality.
10. The weight of 1000 seeds is referred to as test weight, which is an important parameter in seed quality assessment.
11. Dockage refers to the percentage of impurities present in a grain sample, including foreign materials and non-seed matter.
12. The seed known as the mother seed is breeder seed. Breeder seeds are the initial generation of seeds produced by plant breeders, which are used to produce foundation seeds.
13. Cyperus rotundus is classified as an absolute weed. It is a perennial weed known for its ability to thrive in various conditions and is difficult to control.
14. The state where seed laws are adopted is Karnataka. The state has implemented regulations to ensure the quality and standardization of seeds.
15. The weed that was first biologically controlled is Lantana camara. This invasive weed was targeted for biological control using specific insects that feed on it.
16. The trade name of Alachlor, a pre-emergent herbicide, is Lasso. It is commonly used for weed control in various crops.
17. The trade name of Butachlor is Machete, another herbicide used to control grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in rice fields.
18. The trade name of Nitrofen is Toke, which is also a herbicide used for controlling weeds in various crops.
19. The trade name of Fluchloralin is Basalin, a pre-emergent herbicide used to control weeds in crops such as soybeans and cotton.
20. The trade name of Propanil is Stam F-34, a post-emergent herbicide used primarily in rice cultivation.
21. The trade name of Pendimethalin is Stomp, a pre-emergent herbicide effective against a wide range of weeds.
22. The total root parasite is Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, which attaches to the roots of host plants and derives nutrients from them.
23. The total stem parasite is Cuscuta, also known as dodder, which wraps around host plants and absorbs nutrients.
24. A semi-root parasite is Striga, which partially relies on host plants for nutrients but can also photosynthesize.
25. A semi-stem parasite is Loranthus, which attaches to host plants and extracts water and nutrients while still maintaining some photosynthetic capability.
26. Orobanche is also known as broomrape, which refers to its characteristic appearance and parasitic behavior.
27. Striga is also known as witchweed, a name reflecting its detrimental effects on agricultural crops.
28. Host crops of Orobanche include tobacco, chili, brinjal, and potato, all of which can be affected by this parasite.
29. Host plants of Striga include sorghum, maize, sugarcane, and sunflower, making it a significant pest in these crops.
30. Cuscuta is associated with the lucerne crop (alfalfa), where it often infests and affects plant health.
31. The horizontal flow of water in a channel is referred to as seepage, which is important in understanding water movement in soils and aquifers.
32. The vertical movement of water in soil is known as percolation, a key process in soil water dynamics and irrigation.
33. The PF value (permeability function) was first introduced by Schofield, who contributed significantly to soil physics and hydrology.
34. Soil moisture tension is directly measured by a tensiometer. This instrument helps assess the moisture level in the soil, which is crucial for irrigation management.
35. A lysimeter is used for the measurement of evapo-transpiration. It quantifies the amount of water lost from the soil surface and plant surfaces through evaporation and transpiration.
36. A Parshall flume is used for the measurement of water flow. This device allows for accurate measurement of open channel flow and is commonly used in irrigation systems.
37. The flooding irrigation method is commonly used for rice cultivation. This method involves inundating the fields, which is suitable for rice's water requirements.
38. Fertilizer application through irrigation is known as fertigation. This practice allows for efficient nutrient delivery to crops through the irrigation system.
39. An important cultural practice in rice fields is puddling. This involves wet tillage to create a saturated soil layer that helps retain water and control weeds.
40. A power tiller is most suitable for the cultivation of paddy. This mechanized tool helps in land preparation and is effective in wet conditions.
41. Post-harvest losses for cereals account for approximately 10% of the total production. These losses can result from handling, storage, and processing issues.
42. Salatation is a process associated with wind erosion. It involves the movement of soil particles by wind, which can lead to land degradation.
43. A highly salt-tolerant cereal crop is barley. It is capable of growing in saline soils and is often used in areas with high salinity.
44. The irrigation efficiency of loam soil is approximately 70%. This means that 70% of the water applied is effectively used by the crop.
45. In saline soils, the method for irrigation typically used is the flood method. This helps to manage salinity levels by leaching excess salts from the soil.
46. A crop grown between the main crop is referred to as an intercrop. This practice can improve overall yield and resource utilization.
47. The sowing pattern used in dryland farming is broadcasting. This method involves scattering seeds over the soil surface rather than planting them in rows.
48. Crop lodging was first observed and studied in sugarcane. This phenomenon occurs when plants fall over due to weak stems or adverse weather.
49. The most efficient method of irrigation is drip irrigation. This technique delivers water directly to the plant roots, minimizing wastage and improving water use efficiency.
50. The extensively grown pulse crop in India is chickpea. It is an important source of protein for millions and plays a significant role in the agricultural economy.
51. Relative humidity is measured using a psychrometer. This instrument consists of two thermometers and provides information about the moisture content in the air.
52. Crops grown specifically to conserve soil moisture are known as mulch crops. These crops help to retain soil moisture and improve soil health.
53. The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa. This species is the most widely cultivated food crop globally.
54. The family of rice is Graminae (or Poaceae). This family includes all grasses and many other important cereal crops.
55. The origin of rice is traced back to Southeast Asia, where it was first domesticated and cultivated.
56. The sowing time of Aus/Autumn rice is typically March – April. This season is crucial for rice cultivation in certain regions of India.
57. The sowing time of Aman rice occurs in May - June. Aman rice is usually planted during the pre-monsoon season.
58. The sowing time of Boro rice is from December – January. Boro rice is primarily grown during the winter months in irrigated conditions.
59. Aman rice is also known as Kharif/winter rice. It is cultivated during the Kharif season, which corresponds with the monsoon.
60. Boro rice is referred to as summer rice. It is grown in the post-monsoon period, often in irrigated fields.
61. Lodging does not typically occur in Japonica rice. This variety is generally more resistant to lodging compared to others.
62. The inflorescence of rice is known as a panicle. This structure holds the rice grains and is essential for reproduction.
63. The hull of rice is a combination of lemma + palea together. These are the outer protective layers of the rice grain.
64. The test weight of rice grain is approximately 25 gm. This weight indicates the density and quality of the rice.
65. Rice is classified as a self-pollinated and short-day plant. This means it can pollinate itself and has specific light requirements for flowering.
66. The cardinal temperature of rice ranges from 30-32°C. This temperature range is optimal for growth and development.
67. The hulling percentage of rice is typically between 70-75%. This indicates the proportion of whole grains obtained after milling.
68. The first developed rice variety is T.N. – 1. It was one of the early high-yielding varieties introduced.
69. Jagannath is a mutant variety of T.N. – 1. This variety has specific traits beneficial for cultivation.
70. The world’s first high-yielding variety (dwarf) of rice developed by IARI is Pusa Basmati – 2. This variety significantly increased rice production.
71. The maximum rice exporter in the world is Thailand. The country is well-known for its high-quality rice.
72. The highest productivity of rice in the world is found in Japan. Japanese rice cultivation practices are highly efficient.
73. The hybrid rice released by a private organization is PHB – 71. This hybrid has been developed to increase yield potential.
74. The most critical stage for water in rice cultivation is the booting stage. Adequate water during this stage is essential for grain development.
75. Seedlings ready for transplanting in the Depog method are typically ready on the 12th day. This method helps in preparing strong seedlings for transplanting.
76. The best biofertilizer for rice is Azolla. This aquatic fern improves nitrogen availability and enhances soil fertility.
77. The fruit of rice is known as caryopsis. This term refers to a type of dry fruit where the seed is fused with the fruit wall.
78. The widely used nitrogenous fertilizer in rice cultivation is ammonium sulfate. This fertilizer provides a readily available source of nitrogen.
79. The most dominant weed species in rice fields is Echinochloa sp. This genus includes several species known to be problematic in rice cultivation.
80. White eye of rice is caused by iron deficiency. This condition leads to poor growth and reduced yields.
81. The gas emitted from rice fields is primarily methane. This greenhouse gas is produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in flooded rice fields.
82. Akiochi disease in rice is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the soil. This gas is toxic to plants and can severely affect rice growth.
83. The highest nitrogen losses in rice fields occur through the process of denitrification. This microbial process converts nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is lost to the atmosphere.
84. The Paira and Utera cropping systems are closely related to rice cultivation. These systems involve growing rice in combination with other crops.
85. Puddler and puddling are terms associated with rice cultivation, referring to the process of preparing the field by wet tillage to create a flooded environment conducive for rice growth.
86. Parboiling of rice helps conserve vitamin B12. This process involves soaking, steaming, and drying the rice, which retains nutrients.
87. The seed rate in the Depog method for rice is approximately 3-4 kg/m². This method ensures optimal seed density for healthy plant growth.
88. The area required for seedling preparation in the Depog method is around 25-30 m². This space is necessary to grow healthy seedlings for transplanting.
89. The miracle rice of India is known as Jaya. This variety contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India by enhancing yield.
90. The gene responsible for dwarfness in rice is the Dee-Gee-Woo gene. This genetic trait is associated with shorter plant height and improved yield stability.
91. The spacing for sowing seedlings of rice is typically 20 x 10 cm. This spacing allows for adequate growth and nutrient uptake.
92. Wheat:
93. The botanical name of wheat is Triticum aestivum. This species is commonly cultivated for its grain.
94. The origin of wheat is traced back to Southwest Asia. It was one of the first crops domesticated by humans.
95. The state with the highest production of wheat in India is Uttar Pradesh. This state plays a crucial role in India's wheat production.
96. The state with the highest productivity of wheat is Punjab. Intensive farming practices contribute to its high yields.
97. Macaroni wheat is known as exported wheat. This type of wheat is primarily used for making pasta and is produced in specific regions.
98. Emmer wheat is referred to by its scientific name T. dicoccum. It is an ancient type of wheat cultivated in various regions.
99. A suitable late-sown variety of wheat is Sonalika. This variety is adapted to different sowing times and environmental conditions.