General agriculture pointer - 85

 

1. Examples of low clouds include stratocumulus and nimbus.
2. Low quality of jute fiber is attributed to discoloration of fiber.
3. Low volume sprayers require 50 to 200 liters of spray fluid per hectare.
4. The lowest temperature in a day is observed just before sunshine.
5. Lowland applied nitrification inhibitors include oxamide (31% N) and thiourea (36.8% N).
6. The state with the largest production of groundnut in India is Gujarat. This state has favorable conditions for groundnut cultivation.
7. The shelling percentage of groundnut is approximately 70%. This percentage indicates the proportion of the seed that can be extracted from the pod.
8. The oil percentage in groundnut is typically 40-45%. Groundnut oil is widely used in cooking and food preparation.
9. The nitrogen percentage in groundnut cake (the residue left after oil extraction) is around 7-8%. This makes it a valuable source of protein for animal feed.
10. The best soil for groundnut cultivation is sandy soil. This type of soil provides good drainage and aeration, which are important for root development.
11. The recommended seed rate for groundnut is 100-120 kg/ha. This ensures optimal plant density for good yield.
12. The spacing for groundnut planting is 30 x 10 cm. This spacing allows for proper growth and air circulation between plants.
13. The high-yielding type of groundnut is the spreading type, which is often late maturing. This variety can cover more ground and produce a higher yield.
14. The chromosomal theory of inheritance, formulated in 1903, was developed by Sutton and Boveri. This theory states that genes are located on chromosomes, and these chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis.
15. The term genetics was first coined by William Bateson in 1905. Bateson is often credited with establishing the field of genetics as a distinct area of biological study.
16. The term chromosome was first named by Waldayer. The word is derived from the Greek words "chroma" meaning color and "soma" meaning body, as chromosomes are stained and visible under a microscope.
17. Muller was the first to use X-rays as a method for inducing mutations in organisms. His work demonstrated that radiation could cause genetic changes, leading to advancements in genetic research.
18. Lines that are homozygous and homogenous in nature are referred to as pure lines. These lines are genetically uniform, meaning they possess identical alleles for specific traits.
19. Allohexaploidy is found in wheat. This type of polyploidy arises from the hybridization of different species followed by chromosome doubling, resulting in a six-set chromosome complement.
20. Autopolyploidy is found in crops like sugarcane, cotton, and brassica. This form of polyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes from the same species.
21. Autotetraploidy is found in potato and coffee. It involves the duplication of the diploid chromosome set, resulting in four sets of chromosomes from the same species.
22. Autotriploidy is found in banana. Triploidy occurs when an organism has three sets of chromosomes, often leading to sterility and seedlessness in cultivated varieties.
23. Two lines that differ for a single locus are called isogenic lines. These lines are nearly identical genetically except for variations at a specific genetic locus.
24. If an embryo originates from an unfertilized egg, the process is called parthenogenesis. This form of asexual reproduction occurs in some plants and animals.
25. The development of fruit without fertilization is termed parthenocarpy. This process results in seedless fruits and is utilized in agriculture for certain crops.
26. A change in the genome concerning individual chromosomes is referred to as aneuploidy. This condition involves an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to various genetic disorders.
27. The process of repeatedly crossing hybrid progeny back to one of its parents is known as a back cross. This technique is used in breeding to enhance specific traits.
28. If a single gene governs multiple traits, it is referred to as pleiotropy. This phenomenon occurs when one gene influences several phenotypic traits.
29. Apomixis is the process where embryo development occurs without fertilization. This reproductive strategy allows plants to produce seeds that are genetically identical to the parent.
30. The first interspecific cross was made by Thomas Fairchild. This work in the 18th century demonstrated the possibility of hybridization between different species.
31. N.E. Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970 for his contributions to the Green Revolution, particularly for developing high-yielding varieties of wheat.
32. The father of hybrid cotton is considered to be C.T. Patel. His research significantly advanced hybrid cotton production, improving yields and resistance to pests.
33. The first hybrid of rice was developed by Y.L. Ping in China. This hybrid rice was crucial in increasing rice productivity.
34. The first transgenic plant was developed by Fraley in 1983, specifically a variety of tobacco. This marked the beginning of genetic engineering in plants.
35. The laws of heredity were first discovered by Gregor Mendel. His work with pea plants laid the foundation for modern genetics.
36. Tift 60 is an important source of male sterility in sorghum. This male sterility is utilized in hybrid seed production to ensure controlled cross-pollination.
37. The term germplasm was first introduced by August Weismann. Germplasm refers to the genetic material of an organism that is used for breeding and conservation.
38. The concept of centers of origin was first proposed by Nikolai Vavilov. He identified geographic regions where specific crops originated and developed, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity.
39. The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India. It is responsible for the conservation and management of plant genetic resources.
40. The term genetic resources was coined by H. J. Frankel. This term encompasses all genetic material that has value for breeding and conservation efforts.
41. The term parthenogenesis was coined by Richard Owen. Parthenogenesis refers to a type of asexual reproduction where an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg.
42. The development of seed by self-pollination is referred to as autogamy. In autogamy, the pollen from the same flower fertilizes its ovules.
43. Crops that are often cross-pollinated include cotton, sorghum, and pigeon pea (P. pea). These crops require pollen from a different individual for fertilization and seed production.
44. The concept of pure line theory was developed by H. J. Johansen. This theory states that a pure line is a genetically homogeneous line derived from repeated self-fertilization.
45. The term heterosis was coined by George Shull. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, refers to the phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior qualities compared to their parents.
46. Jagannath is a mutant variety of rice. It is known for its specific characteristics, including improved traits over traditional varieties.
47. A nullisomic individual is represented by 2n - 2. Nullisomy refers to the absence of a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism.
48. The discovery of the chromosome is credited to Eduard Strasburger. He was one of the key figures in early cytology and contributed significantly to the understanding of cell division and genetics.
49. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is the first step in the process of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
50. The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain (ETC) occur in the mitochondria. This is where the bulk of ATP production occurs during aerobic respiration.
51. Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic reaction because it does not require oxygen to occur. It can take place in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
52. The total ATP synthesis from one molecule of glucose during respiration is 36 ATP (net gain) and 38 ATP (gross yield). This accounts for ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
53. The total ATP synthesis in glycolysis is 8 ATP, but the net gain is 2 ATP. This is because 2 ATP molecules are used in the initial steps of glycolysis, while 4 ATP molecules are produced.
54. The Krebs cycle is also referred to as the citric acid cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. It is a series of reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.
55. The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.
56. The Krebs cycle starts with acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which is then processed through a series of enzymatic reactions.
57. The energy content of a molecule of glucose is approximately 684 Kcal. This value represents the amount of energy released when glucose is completely oxidized in cellular respiration.
58. Bacteria that convert NH₄⁺ to NO₂⁻ are Nitrosomonas.
59. The physical condition of soil is known as soil tilth.
60. An infrared thermometer is used for measuring crop canopy temperature.
61. The most serious disease in sugarcane is red rot.
62. Ribosomes found in mitochondria are of 70s type.
63. Black soils are found in Maharashtra.
64. The world's staple food is wheat.
65. A 3M deep, more than 18M wide gully is known as a small gully.
66. In which fertilizer N and P are present in the highest amounts? DAP (18%, 46%).
67. The leading state in acreage of rice is West Bengal.
68. The crop with the highest percentage of irrigation is wheat.
69. Noble cane is Saccharum officinarum.
70. The rediscovery of Mendel's laws was by De Vries, Correns, and Tschermak.
71. The pattern used in dry land farming is broadcasting.
72. Parboiling in rice conserves Vitamin B.
73. Maize is a C4 plant.
74. The 1943 Bengal famine was due to the blast of rice (Pyricularia oryzae).
75. Maximum total porosity is found in clay soils.
76. The most frost-affected crop is gram.
77. H.D. -2329 is a variety of wheat.
78. Drip irrigation was introduced in India from Israel.
79. The nitrogen percentage in CAN is 25%.
80. The highest amount of rainfall received in India is from the South West Monsoon.
81. The river basin with the most utilizable flow is the Ganga.
82. The first agricultural chemist of the Imperial Agricultural Research Station was J.W. Leather.
83. A pseudo cereal is buckwheat.
84. The king of fruits is the mango.
85. The queen of spices is cardamom.
86. Water rises in plants by transpiration pull.
87. The first fertilizer produced in India was SSP.
88. The oil content in soybean is 20%.
89. The Handbook of Agriculture is published by ICAR.
90. The growth of plants towards light is known as phototropism.
91. Agmark indicates the quality of food products.
92. The diameter of clay particles is <0.002 mm.
93. The available forms of nitrogen in soil are NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻.
94. The ESP of alkali soils is > 15%.
95. The normal ratio of rice/paddy is 2:3.
96. A crop used for attracting insects is called a trap crop.
97. Wind velocity can be measured using an anemometer.
98. Deflocculation of soil particles occurs due to sodium (Na).
99. Planting before the harvest of the main crop is known as relay cropping.
100. The substance that is not a greenhouse gas is O₂.