🔹 PART A – SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)
Unit 1: General Genetics & Plant Breeding
Define pleiotropy with one classical example.
What is a test cross?
Distinguish between complete and incomplete dominance.
Define linkage disequilibrium.
What is cis–trans test?
Define epistasis.
What is fine structure of gene?
Give one example of extranuclear inheritance.
Write the Chargaff’s rule.
Define proofreading in DNA replication.
What is wobble hypothesis?
Define operon.
What is split gene?
Define spontaneous mutation.
What is mutagenic specificity?
Define centre of origin.
Name the centre of origin of rice.
What is gametogenesis?
Define apomixis.
What is sporophytic incompatibility?
Define cytoplasmic male sterility.
What is functional male sterility?
Define polyembryony.
What is bud pollination?
Write one use of male sterility.
Unit 2: Economic Botany & Breeding Methods
Botanical name of wheat.
Genome constitution of bread wheat.
Inflorescence of rice.
Centre of origin of maize.
Botanical name of pigeon pea.
Self-pollinated crop example.
Cross-pollinated crop example.
Clonally propagated crop example.
Define pure line.
What is pedigree method?
Define mass selection.
What is backcross breeding?
Define SSD method.
What is transgressive segregation?
Define population improvement.
What is recurrent selection?
Define heterosis.
What is combining ability?
Define ideotype.
What is mutation breeding?
One chemical mutagen.
One physical mutagen.
Define chimeras.
What is synthetic variety?
Define composite variety.
What is hybrid seed?
What is pollen control?
What is genetic purity?
Define breeding objective.
What is varietal maintenance?
Unit 3: Cytogenetics & Genome Organization
Define chromatid.
What is centromere?
Define telomere.
What is crossing over?
What is chiasma?
Define karyotype.
What is C-banding?
What is FISH?
Define B-chromosome.
What is polyploidy?
Define allopolyploid.
What is haploid breeding?
Define aneuploidy.
What is trisomy?
Define monosomy.
What is wide hybridization?
Define pre-fertilization barrier.
What is embryo rescue?
Genome formula of Brassica juncea.
Genome of cotton (G. hirsutum).
What is chromosome walking?
Define molecular cytogenetics.
What is comparative mapping?
What is synteny?
Define genome size.
Unit 4: Quantitative & Biometrical Genetics
Define quantitative trait.
What is polygenic inheritance?
Define heritability (broad sense).
Define genetic advance.
What is response to selection?
Define Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
What is genetic load?
Define polymorphism.
What is breeding value?
Define additive variance.
Define dominance variance.
What is epistatic variance?
Define covariance.
What is diallel cross?
Define GCA.
Define SCA.
What is line × tester analysis?
What is NC-I design?
What is NC-II design?
What is NC-III design?
Define maternal effect.
What is G × E interaction?
Define stability parameter.
What is heterobeltiosis?
What is inbreeding depression?
Define mating system.
What is assortative mating?
What is random mating?
Define correlation response.
What is linkage bias?
Unit 5: Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
What is somatic hybridization?
Define protoplast.
What is somaclonal variation?
Define in vitro mutagenesis.
What is gene synthesis?
What is RFLP?
What is SSR marker?
Define SNP.
What is gene tagging?
Define QTL.
What is MAS?
What is DNA library?
Difference between cDNA & genomic library (one point).
What is plasmid?
What is Ti plasmid?
What is DNA fingerprinting?
What is Sanger sequencing?
Define Southern blotting.
What is chromosome walking?
Define recombinant DNA.
What is gene cloning?
What is Agrobacterium mediated transformation?
Define transgenic plant.
What is antisense RNA?
What is RNAi?
Unit 6: Stress Resistance & Quality
Define vertical resistance.
Define horizontal resistance.
What is gene-for-gene hypothesis?
Define durable resistance.
What is abiotic stress?
Define drought tolerance.
What is osmotic adjustment?
Define heat tolerance.
What is salinity tolerance?
Define quality trait.
What is protein quality?
What is oil quality?
What is biofortification?
Define MAS.
What is MARS?
What is MABB?
Define pyramiding.
What is phenotyping?
What is high throughput phenotyping?
Define stress screening.
Unit 7: PGR, IPR, Seed Production
Define germplasm.
What is plant exploration?
What is ex situ conservation?
Define in situ conservation.
What is gene bank?
Define CBD.
What is ITPGRFA?
Define IPR.
What is PPV & FR Act?
What is farmers’ right?
Define variety release.
What is notification?
Define breeder seed.
Define foundation seed.
Define certified seed.
What is seed chain?
What is isolation distance?
What is rouging?
Define seed certification.
What is seed viability?
Unit 8: Statistics & Field Techniques
Define frequency distribution.
Mean vs median (one point).
Define variance.
What is standard deviation?
Define probability.
What is normal distribution?
Define chi-square test.
What is t-test?
What is F-test?
Define correlation coefficient.
What is partial regression?
What is multiple regression?
Define genetic divergence.
What is Mahalanobis D²?
Define multivariate analysis.
Define CRD.
Define RBD.
Define split plot design.
What is augmented design?
What is honeycomb design?
Define hill plot.
What is unreplicated trial?
What is data transformation?
Define experimental error.
What is CV?
🔹 PART B – PARAGRAPH QUESTIONS (5 MARKS EACH)
Unit 1: General Genetics & Plant Breeding
- Explain epistasis with suitable examples.
- Describe the operon model of gene regulation.
- Molecular mechanism of mutation.
- Role of DNA repair mechanisms.
- Crop domestication and evolution.
- Types of incompatibility systems.
- Genetic basis of male sterility.
- Role of apomixis in plant breeding.
- Explain the molecular basis of dominance and recessiveness.
- Differentiate allelic and non-allelic gene interactions with examples.
- Mechanism of gene regulation through enhancers and silencers.
- Cytoplasmic inheritance with reference to crop plants.
Unit 2: Economic Botany & Breeding Methods
- Breeding methods in self-pollinated crops.
- Breeding methods in cross-pollinated crops.
- Breeding methods in clonally propagated crops.
- Heterosis: genetic basis.
- Single seed descent method.
- Transgressive segregation.
- Mutation breeding – steps and uses.
- Ideotype breeding concept.
- Population improvement methods.
- Maintenance of varieties.
- Breeding strategy for improvement of pulses under rainfed conditions.
- Advantages and limitations of backcross breeding.
- Role of recombination breeding in yield improvement.
- Breeding challenges in clonally propagated crops.
Unit 3: Cytogenetics & Genome Organization
- Chromosome banding techniques.
- Structural chromosomal aberrations.
- Polyploidy and its role in crop improvement.
- Haploid breeding techniques.
- Wide hybridization barriers.
- Alien gene transfer.
- Genome organization in wheat.
- Molecular cytogenetic tools.
- Importance of karyotype analysis in crop improvement.
- Use of aneuploids in gene mapping.
- Cytogenetic basis of chromosome pairing in polyploids.
- Applications of in situ hybridization in crop genomics.
Unit 4: Quantitative & Biometrical Genetics
- Heritability and genetic advance.
- Components of genetic variance.
- Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium.
- Mating designs in plant breeding.
- Combining ability analysis.
- G × E interaction.
- Stability analysis methods.
- Heterosis and its exploitation.
- Maternal effects.
- Correlated response to selection.
- Estimation of heritability using parent–offspring regression.
- Role of additive gene action in selection programmes.
- Causes and consequences of linkage disequilibrium.
- Interpretation of combining ability results in breeding decisions.
Unit 5: Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
- Somatic hybridization.
- Molecular markers and applications.
- QTL mapping.
- Marker assisted selection.
- DNA fingerprinting.
- Gene cloning strategies.
- Genetic transformation methods.
- RNAi in crop improvement.
- Advantages of SSR markers over RAPD markers.
- Role of SNP markers in modern plant breeding.
- Concept and applications of genomic selection.
- Limitations of marker-assisted selection.
Unit 6: Stress Resistance & Quality
- Vertical vs horizontal resistance.
- Gene-for-gene hypothesis.
- Breeding for drought tolerance.
- Breeding for salinity tolerance.
- Nutritional quality improvement.
- Marker assisted stress breeding.
- Physiological traits associated with drought tolerance.
- Breeding approaches for durable disease resistance.
- Genetic basis of quality traits in oilseed crops.
Unit 7: PGR, IPR, Seed Production
- Germplasm conservation strategies.
- CBD and ITPGRFA.
- PPV & FR Act – significance.
- Variety release system in India.
- Seed certification process.
- Role of germplasm evaluation in crop improvement.
- Importance of breeder seed in seed multiplication chain.
Unit 8: Statistics & Field Techniques
- Correlation and regression in breeding.
- Genetic divergence analysis.
- Experimental designs in field trials.
- Augmented design and its use.
- Data interpretation in breeding trials.
🔹 PART C – ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS EACH)
Unit 1: General Genetics & Plant Breeding
- Mendelian inheritance deviations and their applications in plant breeding.
- Molecular basis of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
- Role of male sterility systems in hybrid breeding.
- Evolution of scientific plant breeding in India.
- Linkage: detection, estimation and importance in plant breeding.
- Epistasis and its role in modifying phenotypic ratios.
- Molecular organization of the eukaryotic genome and its significance.
- Mechanisms and significance of DNA repair systems.
Unit 2: Economic Botany & Plant Breeding Methods
- Breeding strategies for self-pollinated crops with suitable examples.
- Hybrid breeding and exploitation of heterosis in crop plants.
- Mutation breeding: methodology, achievements and limitations.
- Breeding strategies for improving yield and stability in cereals.
- Comparative account of pedigree, bulk and single seed descent (SSD) methods.
- Genetic basis and exploitation of heterosis in crop plants.
Unit 3: Cytogenetics & Genome Organization
- Chromosomal aberrations and their role in crop improvement.
- Polyploidy and genome evolution with reference to crop plants.
- Wide hybridization for alien gene transfer: techniques, barriers and achievements.
- Cytogenetic tools for alien gene introgression in crop plants.
- Genome organization in wheat and its implications for breeding.
Unit 4: Quantitative & Biometrical Genetics
- Quantitative inheritance and response to selection in crop improvement.
- Heritability, genetic advance and their role in formulating breeding strategy.
- Combining ability analysis and mating designs used in plant breeding.
- Genotype × environment interaction and methods of stability analysis.
- Components of genetic variance and their role in selection.
- Role of biometrical genetics in crop improvement programmes.
Unit 5: Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology
- Somatic hybridization: techniques, applications and limitations.
- Molecular markers in modern plant breeding: types and applications.
- QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection in complex traits.
- Genetic transformation techniques in crop plants.
- RNA interference (RNAi) and micro-RNA techniques in crop improvement.
- Molecular markers: classification, applications and future prospects.
Unit 6: Stress Resistance & Nutritional Quality
- Breeding strategies for disease resistance in crop plants.
- Breeding for abiotic stress tolerance under climate change scenarios.
- Biofortification: genetic approaches, achievements and limitations.
Unit 7: Plant Genetic Resources, IPR & Seed Production
- Role of plant genetic resources in crop improvement.
- Conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources.
- Legal frameworks governing PGR: CBD, ITPGRFA and PPV & FR Act.
- PPV & FR Act: objectives, provisions and implications for plant breeders.
- Variety release, notification and seed production systems in India.
- Seed quality control, certification and seed chain.
Unit 8: Statistical Methods & Field Plot Techniques
- Statistical tools and their applications in plant breeding research.
- Multivariate analysis and genetic divergence in crop improvement.
- Experimental designs used in plant breeding trials and their applications.
- Field plot techniques, data collection and interpretation in crop experiments.
Integrative / Contemporary Topics
- Integration of genomics with conventional plant breeding.
- Genomic selection and its role in future plant breeding.
- Marker-assisted breeding for stress resistance.
- Alien gene transfer and pre- and post-fertilization barriers.
- Stability breeding for wide adaptability.
- Breeding for nutritional security and sustainability.
- Ideotype breeding: concept, development and limitations.
- Population improvement methods in cross-pollinated crops.
- Advances in cytogenetics and their applications in crop improvement.
- Role of biotechnology in accelerating plant breeding programmes.
- Future trends and challenges in plant breeding Research
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