Chemical compounds similar to DNA bases → Base analogues
Differential staining capacity of chromosome parts → Heteropycnosis
Neighbouring nucleotides in DNA are joined by → Phosphodiester linkage
Expression of recessive allele in hemizygous condition → Pseudo-dominance
Test cross ratio indicating absence of linkage in dihybrid → 1:1:1:1
Single gene controlling more than one character → Pleiotropy
Ability of a gene to express in all individuals → Expressivity
Flow of genetic information DNA → RNA → Protein → Central Dogma
Characteristic feature identifying set of chromosomes → Karyotype
Diagrammatic representation of karyotype → Ideogram
Reunion of denatured DNA strands on cooling → Renaturation
Appearance of new types in F2 beyond parents → Transgressive segregation
Linkage phase with dominant + recessive alleles together → Repulsion phase
Purine ↔ Pyrimidine substitution → Transversion
Purine ↔ Purine / Pyrimidine ↔ Pyrimidine substitution → Transition
Mutant allele reverting to wild type → Backward mutation
Mutations from addition/deletion in mRNA → Frame shift mutations
Genetically diverse tissues in the same shoot → Chimeras
Exchange between non-homologous chromosomes → Translocations
Allopolyploid behaving like diploid → Amphidiploids
Plant cells with more than one nucleus → Coenocytes
Colourless plastids storing food → Leucoplasts
Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in → Chloroplast stroma
Plasma membrane origin → ER; Cell wall formation → Golgi complex; Lysosomes → Golgi complex
Region where sister chromatids join → Centromere
Chromosomal end distal to secondary constriction → Satellite
Repeated replication without chromatid separation → Endomitosis/Endoreduplication
Puffs/Balbiani rings are sites of → Active RNA synthesis
Occur at diplotene stage of meiosis in oocytes → Lampbrush chromosomes
DNA helix diameter and pitch → 20 Å, 34 Å
Adenine in DNA pairs by → 2 hydrogen bonds
Guanine in DNA pairs by → 3 hydrogen bonds
Watson–Crick DNA model helix type → Right-handed B-DNA
Left-handed helix form of DNA → Z-DNA
DNA replication begins at → Origin of replication, bi-directionally
Lagging strand fragments → Okazaki fragments
Prokaryotic mRNA coding for many polypeptides → Polycistronic mRNA
tRNA loops → D-loop, Anticodon loop, T-loop
Start codon for protein synthesis → AUG
Starting amino acid in eukaryotes → Methionine
Starting amino acid in prokaryotes → N-formyl methionine
Pairing of codon–anticodon with third base flexibility → Wobble base pairing
UAA, UAG, UGA → Nonsense codons
Functional sub-unit of a gene → Cistron
0.3% DNA not replicated in S-phase → Zygotene stage
Genes inherited together → Linkage
Max. number of linkage groups = → Haploid chromosome number
Frequency of crossing over cannot exceed → 50%
Exception to Mendel’s 2nd law → Linkage
Exceptions to segregation → Paramutations & Polyploidy
Exception to unit character principle → Pleiotropism
Sex index classification → Female 1.0; Super female >1.5; Meta female 1.33; Intersex 0.75; Male 0.5
Differences in plasmagene inheritance → Reciprocal difference
Alteration in chemical structure of gene → Gene/Point mutations
Reverse order in tandem duplication → Reverse tandem
Inversion including centromere → Pericentric inversion
Cross-over suppressors → Paracentric inversions
Segment integrated into non-homologous chromosome → Translocation
Adjacent homologous centromeres move to same pole → Adjacent–II
Organism with one extra chromosome (2n+1) → Trisomy
Trisomics with isochromosome as extra → Secondary trisomics
Determination of complete genome sequence → Structural genomics
Chromosome number change involving whole sets → Euploidy
Genes in right order but shifted → Shifts
Chromosome segment oriented in reverse direction → Inversion
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