Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 41

  

• Kafir60 has been used for hybrid seed production of Jowar (sorghum).
• Karpenchenko, 1928 develop Raphanobrassica.
• Koelreuter (1673) reported hybrid vigour in tobacco.
• Kranti (Brassica juncea) develop through irradiation to variety Varuna.
• KRL -4 is wheat variety tolerant to salt.
• KSMI-3 is multiline variety based on Kalyansona, resistant for leaf rust.
• KSML abbreviated as Kalyansona Multiline (variety of wheat).
• Kufari joyti is variety of potato show resistant to late blight of potato disease.
• Kufri sheetman is resistant to Frost.
• Lancota is a high yield and high protein variety of wheat.
• LD₅₀ dose is optimum dose of mutagen.
• Legume protein efficiency ratio between 50 to 70 percent.
• Lethal mutation kill each and every mutation that carry in appropriate genotype.
• Leu, Ile, Lys Met, Thr, Trp, Val, are essential amino acids.
• Line define as, group of individual having common parents.
• Line: a group of individuals having common parents.
• Linkage enhance homozygosity because reduce number of gene are segregating.
• Linseed and Brassica spp. off season crop may be grown at high hill of Himanchal Pradesh.
• Linseed variety NP11 and NP12 develop through pureline selection.
• Local varieties are less yielding but well adopted to local environment.
• Longquist (1964) proposed modified ear to row method.
• Losses due to pest and diseases is more in tropical and sub tropical region than temperate region.
• Lutz was a scientist first polyploidy discovered in called a experimental population of gigas mutant in Oenothera lamarkiana.
• Lysimeter is used study of salt tolerance in plant.
• Maintainer line represents B-line, which is used as pollinator for maintenance of cytoplasmic male sterility.
• Maize composite Agaiti76 has 22 parent lines.
• Maize is grown two – off season crop at Dholi (Bihar) and Simala (H.P.)
• Maize is studied crop in respect of heterosis and inbreeding depression.
• Maize Jowar and Bajara show moderate degree of inbreeding depression.
• Maize varieties Jaunpuri, T41, and T19 were developed through mass selection.
• Major part of heterosis is result of over dominance gene effect.
• Majority of mutation are lethal, sub lethal and sub vital have no importance in crop improvement.
• Male gametocide is the chemical which induces pollen abortion and male sterility.
• Male steri line Tift 23A of Bajara was highly susceptible to Downy mildew and Ergot diseases.
• Male sterile line represents A-line.
• Male sterile line Tift 23A used in bajara production from USA.
• Male sterile lines Tift 23A and Tift 23D2A of pearl millet were susceptible to downy mildew.
• Male sterility and self incompatibility is a genetic means of emasculation.
• Male sterility governed by nuclear gene called genetic male sterility.
• Male sterility governed by nuclear gene called genetic male sterility.
• Malting is a chief quality characteristics of barley.
• Mango and citrus are example of adventitive embryo.
• Marshall (1977) suggested clean crop multiline approach and dirty crop multiline approach.
• Mass selection has effectively improved characters with high open pollinated.
• Mass selection in cross pollinated crop selected plant allow to open pollinated.
• Mass selection is based on maternal parent only.
• Mass selection is used to maintain the purity of pure lines.
• Maximum heterosis exploit single cross hybrid variety because of their wider genetic bases.
• Megaspore and microspore produced in cell is called sporogenesis.
• Meiotic irregularities leads to the formation of n+1 and n-1 gamets.
• Metaxenia is the effect of pollen grain on the maternal tissue of the fruit.
• Microgametophyte contain pollen along with pollen tube and three haploid nuclei.
• Mn toxicity of soybean resistant is governed by polygenes and maternal effect.
• Mode of reproduction determines the genetic constitution of plants.
• Mohan is the variety of Rice and tolerant to drought.
• Monoecious plants having male and female flower on same plants.
• Monogeneic resistant is less durable than polygenic resistant.
• Monosomic and trisomic are most commonly used in genetic study.
• Monosomic plants do not survive in diploid condition.
• Most clone crop having reduced flowering and seed set.
• Most clone propagated are perennial.
• Most cotton hybrids are tetraploid.
• Most cross pollinated have a high degree of additive component of genetic variance which respond to variance.
• Most effective mutagenic wavelength of ultraviolet is 2540-2550.
• Most of breeding efforts has been directed against diseases caused by fungi.
• Mostly homothallism are common in all groups of fungi.
• Mostly hybridization is intervarietal hybridization in crop improvement programme.
• Mostly plants more sensitive to salinity during germination than later growth stages.
• Mostly somatic mutation produce chimera.
• Mostly vegetative propagated crop is cross pollinated.
• Mullar first reported mutagenic action of X-rays on Drosophilla.
• Muller (1927) reported mutagenic action of X rays.
• Mung variety T1 was developed through pure line selection from old local variety.
• Mutation are generally harmful to organism.
• Mutation are recurrent.
• Mutation breeding supplement only conventional breeding.
• Mutation is sudden and heritable change in population or individual varieties.
• Mutation is the major source of all the variation present in biological material.
• Mutation occur in mt DNA or Cp DNA called plasma gene mutation.
• Mutation occur in somatic bud called bud mutation.
• Mutation occur in somatic cell called somatic mutation.
• Mutation occur in somatic tissue called somatic mutation.
• Mutation occur without any treatment is known as spontaneous mutation.
• Mutation of normal allele to mutant allele is known as forward mutation.
• Mutation produced by chromosome structure and number is known as chromosomal mutation.
• Mutation producing large phenotypic effect called macromutation.
• Mutation term was given by Hugo de Vries (1901).
• Mutation which create small phenotypic effect called micromutation.
• Mutation, mechanical mixture and chromosomal aberrations generally create variation in pure line variety.
• n number of different gene produced in F2 then
• n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)/8 is a formula of, if n inbreds present in cross how many double cross is possible.
• n(n-1)(n-2)/2 formula possible three way cross together, if number of inbreds are present in cross.
• n(n-1)/2 possible single cross. If n inbred lines will be present in cross.
• Narabati Sonora is a wheat variety gamma rays induced mutants from the cultivar Sonora-64.
• Natural population of self-pollinated crops are mixture of pure line.
• Natural selection play an important role in initial stage of crop improvement.
• Nepal is a variety of wheat.
• Neutron is a example of non ionizing radiation.
• Neutrons is a particulate radiation generally used in mutation breeding.
• Nicotiana digluta is first synthetic allopolyploid.
• Nilsson Ehle used first time bulk method of breeding.
• Nitrogen mustard is a chemical having mutagenic character identified by Auerbach and Robson.
• Nitrous oxide, 8-hydroxyquinoline, having a character of chromosome doubling.
• Non biological factor restrict the potential growth and development of plant is known as abiotic factor.
• Notch-1 and Notch-2 are a mutant of barley.
• Now a days hybridization is most common method of crop improvement.
• Nullisomic cross with normal disomic the progeny from called obtain such cross will be monosomic.
• Objectives of bulk, pedigree, and back cross is to develop pure line variety.
• Oligogenic resistant is synonymous to vertical resistant.
• One year is required for selection of ear to row method.
• Only a few seeds are necessary in each back cross generation for transfer of character governed by single gene.
• Only dominant gene would express in somatic tissue.
• Only vital mutation is useful in crop improvement programme.
• Opaque-2 and opaque-7 a mutant gene of maize for nutritional mutants. (specially enzyme).
• Opaque-2 is mutant of maize for lysine and tryptophane.
• Opaque-2 is mutant variety.
• OSM gene was isolated from E. coli.
• Out breeding / out crossing means mating among unrelated individuals.
• Palmer (1953) suggested population approach to improvement to self pollinated crop.
• Parents of raphnobrassica are Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea.
• Parrbhani kranti variety of Okra resistant for yellow vein mosaic cross between A. esculantus (Pusa sawani) and A. manihot.
• Jones was develop first commercial hybrid in maize.