Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 42

  

• Heteromorphic self incompatibility is related to difference between morphology of stamens and style length.
• Heteroploid is the condition when individual carrying other than diploid chromosome number.
• Heterosis is estimated by = mean value of F1 - Mean value of best parent / mean value of best parent X 100.
• Heterosis means, superiority of F1 over both the parents.
• Heterothallism appear to be more efficient in generation of variability than homothallism.
• High concentration of gossypol is associated to resistant to insect and diseases of cotton.
• High intensity of mass selection reduces population size and increases inbreeding.
• Hiproly is a barley mutant have high protein and high lysine content.
• Homomorphic self incompatibility is not related to morphology of sexual parts of flower but pollen show sporophytic or gametophytic control.
• Hopkins (1908) developed ear to row method of breeding.
• Horizontal gene mainly govern by polygenes.
• Hsf gene is resistant to heat stress.
• Hull (1945) developed recurrent selection of specific combining ability.
• HUW -12 is a wheat variety.
• Hybrid and synthetic variety exploit heterosis.
• Hybrid arhar is produced by generally genetic male sterility (GMS system).
• Hybrid English, is a variety of wheat having high protein.
• Hybrid varieties exploit heterosis efficiently.
• Hybrid variety exploit maximum heterosis.
• Hybrid vigour is a synonym of heterosis.
• Hybridization and back cross method is used for transferred cytoplasmic male sterility.
• ICPH variety of pigeon pea (Arhar) develop from ICRISAT Hyderabad.
• ICPH8 is a hybrid variety cross between Ms Prabhat and ICP2161.
• ICPH8, RPH4, CoH2, CoH1 and AKPH4101 are hybrid variety of pigeon pea.
• Identification of inbred on the basis phenotype with high heritability.
• Impossible of all favourable gene present in particular variety / line / strain because linkage between the gene.
• In 1967 six composite varieties of maize Viz, Kisan, Vijay, Amber, Jahawar, Sona And Vikram were released for cultivation.
• In alkali soil sodium present in high amount.
• In an apogamy embryo develop from synergids or antipodal cells without fertilization.
• In an aposory embryo sac develop from vegetative cells of ovule.
• In an obligate apomixis sexual reproduction does not occur.
• In apospory embryo develops from vegetative cells of ovule.
• In asexual reproduction fusion of gametes does not involve.
• In back cross programme one or few strain are transferred from parents called donor parents or non recurrent parent.
• In back cross, non-recurrent parent used as female parent.
• In bulk cross breeding method, variety identical to recurrent parent except for one or two genes.
• In calcareous soil, Ca competes with Fe.
• In cereal largest number of variety develop in wheat by mutagen.
• In clonal crops bud and cuttings are treated for mutation.
• In cross involving more than two parents called complex cross or convergent cross.
• In cross pollinated crop any breeding scheme must.
• In cross pollinated variety pollen dispersal is satisfactory.
• In cytoplasmic male sterility governed by plasma gene.
• In dicliny or unisexuality flower having either stamens or pistils.
• In diploid condition only aneuploid (trisomics) are survive.
• In diplospory embryo sac develop from megaspore but embryo develop without fertilization.
• In ear to row method of selection no control of parent.
• In gametophytic self incompatibility can be eliminated by chromosome doubling.
• In herkogamy due to physical barrier of stamens and stigma self-pollination is inhibited.
• In hole plants are treated for mutagens irradiated plants during flowering stage.
• In homogamy anther and stigma of bisexual flower matured at same time.
• In homogenous population individual consisting same type of genotype and phenotype.
• In horizontal resistant rate of reproduction of pathogen is between the 0 and 1.
• In horizontal resistant reproduction rate of pathogen is more than Zero (0) but less than one (1).
• In hybrid variety, seed are replaced every year because of inbreeding depression.
• In hybridization programme generally female parent choose as higher ploidy level.
• In India first hybrid was develop in maize crop.
• In India gamma garden is established at Calcutta in 1959.
• In India Ganga 1, Ganga 101, Ranjeet and Daccan hybrid variety of maize develop in 1961.
• In jowar emasculation with hot water treatment at 42-48°C temperature for 10 minutes.
• In M1 generation select the dominant mutation.
• In maize crop single cross hybrid produced by male and female parent ration is (2:4).
• In maize male inflorescence is known as tassel.
• In mass selection progeny test is not essential.
• In microsporogenesis pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis and produced four haploid microspore.
• In mutation breeding M2 and M3 generation are produced by either asexual reproduction or self pollination.
• In natural population generally in breeding depression is assessed.
• In obligate apomixis sexual reproduction does not occur in apomictic species.
• In often cross-pollinated crop plants, cross-pollination exceeds 5-30 percent.
• In pedigree method of selection select in F2 and onward generation and record parent – progeny relation ship.
• In polygenic trait selection done in M3 generation for good result.
• In random mating population the gene and genotypes frequencies are unchanged generation after generation.
• In random mating population, equal chances of mating with each individual.
• In random mating population, genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to another generation is known as genetic equilibrium.
• In random mating population, selection can’t be done because of fixation of an allele.
• In reverse mutation, mutation of mutant allele to normal allele.
• In three ways cross single cross hybrid between another lines.
• In transgressive segregation is the result of accumulation of favorable gene in both the parents.
• In trisomic plants during meiosis chromosome behave irregularly therefore n+1 gamets are found 50%.
• Inbred and open pollinated or synthetic varieties having narrow and broad genetic bases respectively.
• Inbred are develop through open – pollinated variety.
• Inbred develop in self pollinated variety by continuous selfing.
• Inbred develop through cross pollinated variety by continuous selfing.
• Inbred line develop through, open pollinated variety by continued selfing.
• Inbreeding decrease the variation in population.
• Inbreeding depression means reduction or loss in vigor due to inbreeding.
• Inbreeding increase homozygosity and decrease heterozygosity.
• Inbreeding means mating between individual among the ancestors is same.
• Inbreeding reduces heterozygosity and increases homozygosity.
• Incompatibility determined by its own genotype, does not depend on plant genotype, called gametophytic self incompatibility.
• Incompatible reaction according to gene for gene hypothesis is found in obligate parasite.
• Increase homozygosity result fixation of genes.
• India was the first country to develop hybrid cotton variety.
• Individual having more than two sets of single genome is called autopolyploidy.
• Individual having one or few chromosome more or less than somatic chromosome complement is known aneuploid.
• Individual having single genome is called monoploid.
• Individual having three copies of same genome called autotetraploid.
• Individual lacking single chromosome from disomic chromosome complements is known as monosomic.
• Induced mutation generally 1 percent is beneficial.
• Induced mutation is more advantageous than spontaneous mutation.
• Infrared thermometer measured plant canopy temperature.
• Intermediate level of genetic diversity is express maximum heterosis.
• Intervarietal hybridization also called interspecific hybridization.
• Ionization is primary effect of radiation.
• IS11167 and P-721 a mutant variety of sorghum have high lysine content.
• Isogenic line develop easily through back cross method.
• Isolation of superior pureline from mixture of pure line varieties called pure line selection.
• Jekpins develop the method of recurrent selection for general combining ability.
• Jenkins (1935) proposed early testing.
• Jenkins develop a formula of performance of double cross hybrid from single cross.
• Jenkins develop synthetic varieties for short term inbreds.
• Jensen (1970) proposed diallel selective mating design.
• Jenson (1952) develop a idea of multiline varieties.
• Johansen give the term genotype and phenotype.
• Jones (1918) proposed double cross hybrid.
• Jones and Clark (1943) proposed system of hybrid seed production by male sterility.
• Heritable variation present in population for necessary for effective selection.