Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 43

 Before treatment of chemical mutagen seed are usually soaking for metabolic activity.

· Biffen started the disease resistant variety in year 1905.
· Blakeslee (1904) describe Homothallism and Heterothallism in Rhizopus fungi.
· Blakeslee and Nable (1937) described chromosome doubling action of colchicines.
· Bombay green is variety of banana and developed through bud selection.
· Brassica napus is allotetraploid.
· Bread wheat was ABD genomic constitution.
· Brim gave the term modified method.
· BSH1 is a first hybrid sunflower variety.
· Bud selection usually done in commercial plantation.
· Bulbils are modified flowers that develop in to plants direct without formation of seed.
· Bulbils develop into new plants without formation of seed.
· C4 plants have less photorespiration than C3 plants.
· CAM plants open stomata during night.
· Camararious (1694) discovered sex in plants.
· Canola is a rapeseed cultivar having less than 2% erucic acid and glucosinolate.
· CCC autotetraploid individual having three dominant and one recessive gene called triplex.
· CCCC autotetraploid individual having all the recessive gene called nulliplex.
· Cell expansion is directly related to water stress condition.
· Chandan Saphed 2, Amberpop and Chandan1 are the composite variety of maize.
· Character govern by polygenes but show disconteneous variation called quasi-quantitative traits.
· Chasmogamous flower open after pollination.
· Chatham is variety of tobacco selection from variety culture 40D.
· Chemical formula of colchicine is C22H25O6N.
· Chimera will be maintained by means of cutting, budding and grafting.
· Chimera will maintained by meristamatic culture.
· China and India is develop rice hybrid in rank first and second respectively.
· China has first rank common in mutation breeding.
· Chlorophyll meter measure chlorophyll content of the leaves.
· Chromosome number normally found in gametes of species is known as gametic chromosome number.
· Chromosome substitution is the easiest in nullisomic plants.
· Clausen was first use monosomic analysis in wheat crop.
· Cleistogamous flower do not open.
· Cleistogamy promotes self pollination.
· Clonal crops show inbreeding depression.
· Clones are mentained by asexual reproduction.
· Co 997 and Co1148 are variety of sugarcane tolerant to drought and salinity.
· CO₂ is catelysed by the enzyme Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase in C3 plants and phosphophenol pyruvate (PEP) carboxilase in C4 plants.
· Co⁶⁰ is radioactive isotopes which one of the common source of gamma rays.
· Col, ND2 and Renuka are varieties of maize.
· Colchicine applied as aqueous solution.
· Colchicine effect generally dividing cell.
· Colchicine is isolated from seed and bulb of autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale).
· Common parent mated to number of lines, strain or plants is known as tester plants.
· Common parent used in series of test cross called tester line.
· Compatible reaction according to gene for gene hypothesis is found in facultative parasite type of pathogen.
· Complex cross is also known as convergent cross.
· Composite I variety evolved from Brassica campestris var toria
· Composite variety is mixture of different genotype.
· Comstock, Robinson and Harvey (1949) develop reciprocal recurrent selection.
· Concept of homozygous and heterozygous balance was proposed by Mather.
· Concept of pureline was proposed by Johansen (1903) in variety princes in Rajama.
· Concept of TGMS (Thermo sensitive gemetic male sterility) first develop variety of ANNG1 in rice crop.
· Continuous self pollination of heterogeneous plant and remaining heterozygosity called residual heterozygosity.
· Cotton has three basic chromosome number.
· Cotton hybrid H 4 was develop by Gujrat Agriculture university
· Cotton hybrid Varalaxmi (interspecific) has been developed from cross between G. hirsutum and G. barabadence.
· Crop showing less than 5% cross pollination called self pollinated.
· Cross between tetraploid and diploid result of triploid.
· Cross pollinated and asexually propagated variety show high inbreeding depression.
· Crosses between inbreds, clones lines with open pollinated.
· Cross-pollinated population is heterozygous and heterogeneous.
· CSH abbreviated - coordinated sorghum hybrid.
· Current breeding programme is oriented to improve population improvement programme.
· Current breeding programme progeny test is the basic step of breeding programme.
· Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility is commonly used for hybrid seed production.
· Cytoplasmic male sterility line T is a cause of southern leaf blight in maize crop.
· Darwin first reported inbreeding depression in maize crop.
· Davis develop top cross for large scale screening and testing of inbred lines for GCA (general combining ability).
· Detailed and precise information in breeding in maize was published by East and Shull (1908 and 1909).
· Devenport (1908) was proposed dominance hypothesis in heterosis.
· DH7 is a first cotton hybrid.
· DH7 is the first deshi cotton hybrid.
· Dhawan (1965) suggested step ladder method of breeding.
· Dhawan (1965) suggested step-ladder method of maize breeding.
· Dichogamy is the condition where anther and stigma in hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers mature at different times.
· Dichogamy, Heterostyle, Male sterility, Self incompatibility favours cross pollination in crop plants.
· Differentiation of pathogen is more common in viruses and air borne fungi.
· Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on different plants.
· Disease escape occur primarily by avoiding unfavourable environmental condition.
· Disease foci means epidemics in scattered areas.
· Division of nucleus into daughter nuclei called karyokinesis.
· Dominant lethal can not survive in homozygous and heterozygous state.
· Drisscoll (1972) develop XYZ method of genetic male sterility.
· DSH-129 is a hybrid variety of sunflower.
· Due to inbreeding appearance of lethal, subletal and sub vital characteristics.
· Due to irregular behaviour during meiosis monosomic.
· Ear to row method is simplest form of progeny selection.
· East and Shull (1908) was proposed over dominance hypothesis in heterosis.
· Economic heterosis is a economic and practical value.
· Economic heterosis is a F1 hybrid is superior to standard commercial variety.
· Economic heterosis is useful for commercial value.
· Edible banana have somatic chromosome number is 33.
· Effect of genetic disassortative mating are similar to inbreeding.
· Effect of genotype of pollen grains on the phenotype of seed tissue is known as xenia.
· Effect of pollen grain on maternal tissue of the fruit quality called metaxenia.
· Effect of pollen on characteristics of seed called xenia.
· Emasculation is carried before anthesis between 4-6 pm.
· Embryo develop from vegetative cells like nucleus, integuments and chalaza called adventitive embryo.
· Embryo develop without fertilization is called apomixis.
· Embryo develops from megaspore but embryo develops without fertilization is known as diplospory.
· Embryo sac develops from megaspore called megagametogenesis.
· Embryo sac develops from megaspore have one egg cell, 2 synergids cell, 3 antipodal cell (all haploid and one secondary nucleus (2n)).
· Endosperm sac contain generally one and six haploid nuclei.
· Erucic acid content in brassica seed is due to one pair of gene.
· Estimation of GCA in forage by poly cross test.
· Estimation of general combining ability of parents used in synthetic variety either stop cross or poly cross.
· Estimation of mean yield of the four non parental single crosses are performance of double crosses as predicted.
· Ethylene imine and ethylene methane sulphonate are alkyl ting agents used in mutation breeding.
· Euploid is the exact multiple of basic chromosome number.
· Exposure of low level of radiation continued over long period of time (months or years) called chronic irradiation.
· F1 (First filial generation) used as a commercial cultivar in hybrid variety.
· Failure of pairing between homologous chromosomes is known as asynapsis.
· Female and hermaphrodite flowers produced on separate plants called gynodioecious plant. Pusa Majesty variety of papaya.
· First gamma garden of India was established in Calcutta at Bosh research institute.
· First hybrids of pearl millet and castor are HB1 and GCH3 respectively.
· First pigeon pea hybrid ICPH8 was released in India.
· First rapseed hybrid is PGSH51.
· Flower having both stamens and pistil is known as perfect flower.
· Flower having long style and short stamens called pin flower.
· Flower having short style and long stamens called thrum flower.
· Formula of use ful heterosis is = Mean value of F1 - Mean value of commercial cultivar / Mean value of commercial cultivar X 100.
· Frame shift mutation produced due to addition and deletion of bases.
· Frequency of spontaneous mutation is 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁷
· Functional pollen unable to fertilize same flower called self incompatibility.
· Functional pollen unable to fertilize same flower of plant is called self incompatibility.
· Fusion of sperm with egg cell with secondary nucleus is called double fertilization.
· G. arboreum is also called Asiatic cotton.
· G. hirsutum and G. arboreum is a old world cotton.
· Gamet is the haploid cell participate in fusion.
· Gamet selection was proposed by stadller (1944) for improvement of inbred lines.
· Gametophytic male sterility was first described East and Magelsdorf, 1925.
· GCA estimated by half sib family.
· Gene betB was isolated from E. coli. And insert in tobacco resistant to drought.
· Gene for gene hypothesis catagorised in compatible and incompatible reaction.
· Gene Sacb was isolated from Bacillus subtilis and inserted in tobacco and resistant to drought.
· Generally clone crops are cross pollinated and show self incompatibility.
· Generally clones are heterozygous.
· Generally colchicine use for seed treatment is 0.2% and 0.1% as shoot bud of hardi plants.
· Generally immunity produced by the plant through develop sensitive reaction.
· Generally random drift occur in small population.
· Generally, all the variability in plant species originated due to gene mutation.
· Generative nucleus of pollen cell undergo meiosis and produce microspores.
· Genetic assortative mating is known as in breeding.
· Genetic makeup of an individual is known as genotype.
· Genetic male sterility is governed by generally a single recessive gene.
· Genotype of clone does not change as compare to other crops so called clone is immortal.
· Glacier is a high amylase containing variety of barley.
· Globulin is a fatty acids soluble in salt solution.
· Globulin is a major (80%) protein of legume.
· Glucosinolates is a sulphur containing compound found in Brassica spp.
· Gossipium arboreum is Asiatic cotton.
· Gossypol contain cotton seed have anti nutritional factor.
· Goulden (1939) suggested single seed descent method.
· Gregg is a male sterile line of cotton.
· Grid method also known as stratified mass selection developed by Gardner.
· H4 is a first cotton hybrid variety develop through intervarietal cross.
· Harlon develop mass pedigree method of breeding.
· Hawkeye is variety of soybean resistant to Fe chlorosis.
· Hayes and Garber (1919) developed idea of recurrent selection.
· Hayes and Garber (1919) suggested synthetic variety of maize.
· Heat tolerance of crop species usually governed by polygenic control.