• The force that holds two particles of the same kind together is Cohesion.
  • Cross staff is used for setting out a 90-degree angle.
  • Bio-gas Composition: Methane 55-60%, CO2 35-40%, Hydrogen 5-10%, Nitrogen 1-2%.
  • The waste material of living or non-living things is called Biomass.
  • The force between soil and metal is known as Adhesion.
  • The biggest source of biogas in rural India is Cow dung.
  • Brake Horse Power (BHP) is the horse power available at the end of the crankshaft.
  • A machine used to apply chemicals in dust form is known as a Duster.
  • An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is known as the Greenhouse effect.
  • The operation of cutting, picking, and plucking is known as Harvesting.
  • The device used to lift water from its source is a Pump.
  • A curved blade having a hand grip used for harvesting by manual power is a Sickle.
  • The Riser pipe is a component of the Sprinkler system.
  • The pump in which both motor and pump are installed inside the water is known as a Submersible pump.
  • Water applied below the ground surface by maintaining an artificial water table at some depth is called Subsurface irrigation.
  • The art of determining the relative positions of points on the surface of the Earth is called Surveying.
  • A machine to cut crops and deliver them in a uniform manner in a row is called a Wind rower.
  • The process of separating grain from chaff through an air stream created by a fan is called Winnowing.
  • The machine used to "cut herbage crops" is called a Mower.
  • Determining the relative heights or elevations of points or objects on the surface of the Earth is called Levelling.
  • This survey is done on a smaller area of less than 250 km² and is called Plan survey.
  • The implement used to churn the soil in standing water is known as a Puddler.
  • The machine used to "cut grain crop" is called a Reaper.
  • Concave is an integral part of a Thresher.
  • The process of detaching the grains from warheads is known as Threshing.
  • The most popular traditional method of drying is Sun drying.
  • The process in which the coarser soil particles roll along the ground surface is called Surface creep.
  • The tool used for pricking plants is a Shovel (खुरपा).
  • The detachment and transportation of soil material from one place to another through the action of wind, water in motion, or by the beating action of the rain drops is known as Erosion.
  • The Northern Region Farm Machinery Training & Testing Institute is located at Hissar.
  • Vision 2020 of ICAR, India requires total farm power of 2 kW/ha.
  • Vision 2020 of ICAR, India requires total grain production of 2,300 kg/ha.
  • In 2013-14, farm power availability per hectare was 1.84 kW/ha, which is expected to increase to 4.0 kW/ha by 2022.
  • Small & Marginal farmers land is 0-2 ha.
  • Small & Marginal farmers land constituted 86.21% in 2015-16, up from 84.97% in 2010-11.
  • A strong man’s power is equal to 0.1 hp (75 watts).
  • The average human power (male) is 0.06 kW (60 watts).
  • The average human power (female) is 0.048 kW (48 watts).
  • The average human power (children) is 0.030 kW (30 watts).
  • The average power of 1 pair of bullocks is 1 hp.
  • The average power of a bullock is 0.5 hp.
  • The power of body weight of Donkey is 32%.
  • The power of body weight of Camel is 18%.
  • The power of body weight of Buffaloes is 12%.
  • The power of body weight of Bullocks is 10%.
  • A power tiller (7.46 kW) can command about 5 ha land.
  • A tractor (26.1 kW) can command about 15 ha land.
  • One pair of bullocks can command about 2 ha land.
  • The thermal efficiency of diesel engine is 32 to 38%.
  • The thermal efficiency of petrol engine is 25 to 32%.
  • Hand tractor/walking type tractor is also called a power tiller.
  • The power tiller concept came to the world in 1920.
  • The first power tiller was designed in Japan in 1947.
  • The first country to use the power tiller was Japan.
  • Power tiller was first introduced in India in 1963.
  • Some famous power tillers in India are Sato, Krishi, Kubota, Yammer, Iseki (kerosene engine).
  • The heaviest animal (based on body weight) is >500 kg.
  • The large animal (based on body weight) is 400-500 kg.
  • The medium animal (based on body weight) is 300-400 kg.
  • The small animal (based on body weight) is 200-300 kg.
  • Under mono cropping/single cropping pattern, it is recommended to consider 1 hp for every 2 ha.
  • A tractor for 40 ha land under mono cropping pattern should be 20-25 hp.
  • When more than 1 crop is taken in a year, it is recommended to consider 1 hp for every 1.5 ha.
  • A tractor for 40 ha land under more than 1 crop pattern should be 30-35 hp.
  • The world’s largest manufacturer of tractors is India.
  • India is the world’s largest tractor producer with 50% of the world’s output in 2016.
  • The highest tractor production in India is by Mahindra > TAFE > Escorts.
  • The word tractor first appeared in a patent for a tractor or traction engine in 1890.
  • The successful gasoline tractor was introduced in 1906.
  • Power take off was introduced between 1915-1919.
  • The diesel engine was used in tractors around 1936-1937.
  • The manufacturing of diesel tractors began between 1950-1960.
  • The first manufactured tractor was by M/S Eicher Good Earth.
  • Tractor manufacturing started in India in 1960-61.
  • TAFE tractor manufacturing started in 1961.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra started tractor manufacturing in 1965.
  • Ford tractor manufacturing by Escorts Tractor Ltd began in 1971.
  • HMT tractor manufacturing started in 1973.
  • Pitti and Kirlosker tractor manufacturing started in 1974.
  • The largest manufacturer of tractors in the world is Mahindra & Mahindra.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra is the Indian market leader in the tractor industry with a share of 44%.
  • The inflation pressure of rear wheel of tractor is 0.8 – 1.5 kg/cm².
  • The inflation pressure of front wheel of tractor is 1.5 – 2.5 kg/cm².
  • The pneumatic tire’s life for draw-bar work is 6000 working hours.
  • The father of agricultural engineering in India is Prof. Mason Vaugh.
  • The average man can develop a maximum power of about 0.1 hp (74.6 watts).
  • One average bullock can develop a maximum power of about 0.5 hp.
  • The power developed by an average bullock pair is about 1 hp (746 watts).
  • The use of a tractor is considered economical when it is utilized for 1,000 hrs./year.
  • The working life of a tractor-drawn cultivator is usually 2,500 hours.
  • The length of a metric surveying chain is 20 m, and the steel band chain is 30 m long.
  • The length of the Guntur chain is 66 feet (20 m).
  • The Guntur chain is divided into 100 links, each link being 0.66 feet.
  • The length of an Engineer chain is 100 feet (30 m) long and divided into 100 links, each link being 1 foot.
  • The length of a Revenue chain is 33 feet long and divided into 16 links, each link being 2.06 feet.
  • The plan of the cutting edge of the disc inclined to the direction of travel is known as the disc angle.
  • The plan of the cutting edge of the disc inclined to the vertical line is known as the tilt angle.
  • In a standard disc plough, penetration is improved by increasing the disc angle and decreasing the tilt angle.
  • The disc angle of a good disc plough varies between 42° to 45°.
  • The tilt angle varies between 15° to 25°.
  • Hand-operated sprayers are operated at a pressure of 1-7 kg/sq.cm.
  • Power-operated sprayers are operated at a pressure of 20-25 kg/sq.cm.
  • The tank capacity of a knapsack sprayer is 9-25 liters.
  • Tractors with three or four pneumatic wheels are called wheel tractors.
  • A walking-type tractor is known as a power tiller.
  • M.B. Plough and disc plough are used for primary tillage.
  • The maximum clearance between the landside and the horizontal surface is known as vertical suction.
  • The vertical suction of a MB plough influences the depth of cut.
  • The vertical suction of a plough varies between 6 to 20 mm.
  • Horizontal suction is the amount of share bent out of line with the landside.
  • The gauge wheel is used to maintain the uniform depth of ploughing.
  • The size of the disc in a disc plough varies between 60 to 90 cm.
  • The depth of the subsoiler varies between 40 to 100 cm.
  • The thickness of the disc in a disc plough varies between 5 to 10 mm.
  • Biogas was invented by S. P. Desai.
  • The life of a tractor is 10,000 hours or 10 years.
  • For safe storage of cereals, the moisture content should be less than 12%.
  • Mechanical manipulation of soil is known as tillage.
  • The first power tiller was used by Japan.
  • For safe storage of oilseeds, the moisture content should be less than 8%.
  • The efficiency of a tractor is 1,000 hrs./year.
  • For safe storage of pulses, the moisture content should be less than 10%.
  • Tractor manufacturing started in India in 1961.
  • The minimum soil manipulation is minimum tillage.
  • The depth of normal ploughing is 15 cm.
  • The horizontal suction of a MB plough influences the width of the cut.
  • The horizontal suction of a plough varies between 3 to 12 mm.
  • The total force required to pull an implement is known as the pull.
  • The horizontal component of pull parallel to the line of motion is known as the draft.
  • The Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET) was established on 29th Dec, 1989.
  • The Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET) is located at Ludhiana, Punjab.
  • The Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) is located at Bhopal.
  • The Olphad thresher is used for the wheat crop.
  • The origin of the Olphad thresher is from Gujarat.
  • The most commonly used metering mechanism is the fluted roller.
  • The mechanism of a seed drill that delivers seeds at the selected rate is called the seed metering mechanism.
  • The implement that maintains row-to-row as well as plant-to-plant distance is a planter.
  • The implement that maintains only the row-to-row distance is a seed drill.
  • The standing water requirement in puddling is 5 to 10 cm.
  • The plough used to cut hard soil is a chisel plough.
  • The plough used for deeper ploughing is a subsoiler.
  • The draft per unit cross-sectional area of the furrow is known as the unit draft.
  • The Central Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute is located at Budni.
  • The vibration level in agricultural tractors is in the range of 2 – 8 Hz.
  • The safe level of noise for humans ranges between 80-100 dB.
  • The most practical comfort zone temperature for a human operator is 20 to 30°C.
  • The greenhouse structures in India are usually designed to withstand wind speeds of 110 km/h and wind pressure of 50 kg/sq.m.
  • The rate of air movement in the Horizontal Air Flow (HAF) cooling system should range between 36 to 54 cum/h/sq.m of greenhouse floor area.
  • Methane gas is present in a larger proportion in biogas.
  • On an average sunny day in India, the solar collector with an area of 1 sq.m can provide 100 liters of hot water at about 60°C.
  • The solar energy is converted into electrical energy by the solar cells in a solar panel.
  • The minimum wind speed required for the working of a windmill is 10 km/h.
  • Biomass can be converted into liquid fuel, hydrogen, and producer gas.
  • The detachment of soil particles from parent material by the beating action of raindrops is splash erosion.
  • The Froude number is the ratio of inertial force to gravitational force.
  • The imaginary line drawn through the earthen embankment to separate the zone having hydrostatic pressure and the zone having no hydrostatic pressure is known as the phreatic line.
  • In clay soils, the particle detachment is less compared to sandy soils because clay soils have more cohesive force than sandy soils.
  • Soil erosion will be more from the land whose surface is covered by cultivated crop.
  • Contour bunds are recommended for areas of low rainfall and high infiltration capacity.
  • Drop structures are designed in respect of hydrologic, hydraulic, and structural factors.
  • In order for plants in every corner to receive maximum light, the greenhouse axis is placed in the east-west direction.
  • Greenhouses can be broadly classified into wooden framed, pipe framed, and truss framed structures based on construction.
  • The primary objective of surveying is to prepare a map.
  • In the face left position of theodolite, the position of the vertical circle is on the left of the observer.
  • The reading taken by the level on the levelling staff kept at a point of known elevation is entered as a back sight reading.
  • The ratio of the area of a watershed to the area of a circle having a perimeter equal to the perimeter of the watershed is known as the circularity ratio.
  • When flow changes from supercritical to subcritical, hydraulic jumps occur.
  • The discharge in distributaries is usually less than 30 cumec.
  • The structure used for passing a canal over a natural drain is called an aqueduct.
  • The phenomenon weld decay is associated with stainless steel.
  • Cold chisels are made by forging.
  • A watershed can be termed as a small watershed when overland flow is the major contributor.
  • The ratio of the sum of the lengths of all channel segments of all orders in a watershed to the area of the watershed is known as drainage density.
  • Sheet erosion is the removal of the thin and uppermost top layer of soil by overland flow.
  • Wind erosion is more in noncohesive soils.
  • Class IV type land is partly suitable for cultivation.
  • Maize is a soil-maintaining crop.
  • Potato is a soil-depleting crop.
  • Soil erosion is more in sandy soils.
  • The major portion of soil carried by wind is moved in a series of short bounces called saltation.
  • For a watershed with no conservation practice, the value of the conservation particle factor (P) in the universal soil loss equation is 1.0.
  • A high-intensity rain produces great splash.
  • The trajectory angle during saltation is affected by the alignment of particles.
  • The threshold wind velocity is low for very fine particles.
  • The real soil loss is denoted by the phenomenon of detachment.
  • EI30, where I30 stands for rainfall intensity at a 30-minute interval.
  • Drop structures are used to control V-shaped gullies.
  • The spattering of small soil particles caused by raindrop impact on wet soil is called rill erosion.
  • The soluble soil matters are clay and organic matters.
  • Sediment yield is the total soil loss from an area.
  • A unit hydrograph has one unit of direct runoff.
  • A hydrometric curve is a plot of the area elevation curve.
  • The hydrologic flood-routing methods are momentum and continuity equations.
  • A plot of rainfall intensity versus time is called a hyetograph.
  • In a flow net, the phreatic line acts as the 100% hydraulic head line.
  • In an irrigation channel, the critical depth can be produced by lowering the bottom and increasing the width.
  • Sub-irrigation is useful in a situation where capillary movement in the root zone occurs.
  • In designing a regime canal, using Lacey's theory, the velocity depends on several factors except depth of water.
  • The difference between a shallow tube-well and a deep tube-well is based on the depth of the aquifer.
  • The volume of 20 ha/m is 2 × 10¹¹ cm³.
  • Clay loam has the maximum available water-holding capacity.
  • 1 bar is equal to 0.9869 atm or the weight of a 1020 cm water column (1.019 kg/cm²).
  • Trickle irrigation is also known as drip irrigation.
  • The average force that a bullock can exert is 1/10th of their body weight.
  • Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute is located at Hisar.
  • The velocity required to operate a windmill is more than 10 km/hour.
  • When ploughing one hectare of land once by bullocks having 15 cm furrow width, they have to walk about 66 km.
  • A tractor rotavator saves time and energy by about 30-35% in heavy soil.
  • Most of the farmers use threshers, which are operated by 5-12 HP.
  • Southern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing is located at Anantapur (A.P.).
  • The width of the landside is taken as one-third of the throat width of the share of the Plough bottom.
  • The types of force acting on a mouldboard plough are Draft, Side draft, and Vertical component.
  • The width of the cut of a disc plough is given by W = Dd/3.
  • Central Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute is located at Sehore (M.P.).
  • The tractor-drawn rotavator is specially designed for Wetland cultivation in Paddy crop.
  • The types of tynes used in a rotavator are ‘L’ shaped.
  • Harvesting and threshing consume about 10-35% of the total energy for farming.
  • Under NFSM (National Food Security Mission), the cost for a Sprinkler set for pulses and wheat is ₹10,000/hectare.
  • Northern Eastern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute is located at Sonitpur (Assam).
  • The Gunter chain is 66 ft long and is divided into 100 links, each of 0.66 ft.
  • The speed of the belt conveyor during the transportation of grains should not exceed 10 to 13 m/s.
  • The seeding and fertilizer application equipment developed by CCSHAU, Hisar is a Tractor drawn planter.
  • The prototype of the zero till fertilizer drill machine in India was first developed at Pantnagar.
  • The Indigenous plough is a Multi-purpose tool.
  • Central Institute for Agricultural Engineering (CIAE) is located at Bhopal.
  • In a disc plough, the angle at which the plane of the cutting edge of the disc is inclined to the direction of travel is called the Tilt angle.
  • The windmill suitable for water pumping is of the Multiple blade type.
  • The spike tooth harrows are used mainly for Surface finishing.
  • The term furrel is associated with a Mower.
  • A bullock-drawn implement has lower speed and lower working capacity.
  • The top portion of the turned furrow slice is the Crown.
  • The gang angle of a disc harrow is adjusted in the range of 0-30°.
  • The seeding behind a plough is done by a device called Malobansa.
  • The MB plough works on the principles of Suction.
  • The implement mostly used for intercultural operations is the Junior hoe.
  • A renewable source of energy is Inexhaustible.
  • A wheel used for maintaining uniform depth of ploughing in different soil types is a Gauge wheel.
  • The Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute is located at Dehradun.