Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 36 ✓

1. Chemical compounds similar to DNA bases → Base analogues

2. Differential staining capacity of chromosome parts → Heteropycnosis

3. Neighbouring nucleotides in DNA are joined by → Phosphodiester linkage

4. Expression of recessive allele in hemizygous condition → Pseudo-dominance

5. Test cross ratio indicating absence of linkage in dihybrid → 1:1:1:1

6. Single gene controlling more than one character → Pleiotropy

7. Ability of a gene to express in all individuals → Expressivity

8. Flow of genetic information DNA → RNA → Protein → Central Dogma

9. Characteristic feature identifying set of chromosomes → Karyotype

10. Diagrammatic representation of karyotype → Ideogram

11. Reunion of denatured DNA strands on cooling → Renaturation

12. Appearance of new types in F2 beyond parents → Transgressive segregation

13. Linkage phase with dominant + recessive alleles together → Repulsion phase

14. Purine ↔ Pyrimidine substitution → Transversion

15. Purine ↔ Purine / Pyrimidine ↔ Pyrimidine substitution → Transition

16. Mutant allele reverting to wild type → Backward mutation

17. Mutations from addition/deletion in mRNA → Frame shift mutations

18. Genetically diverse tissues in the same shoot → Chimeras

19. Exchange between non-homologous chromosomes → Translocations

20. Allopolyploid behaving like diploid → Amphidiploids

21. Plant cells with more than one nucleus → Coenocytes

22. Colourless plastids storing food → Leucoplasts

23. Dark reaction of photosynthesis occurs in → Chloroplast stroma

24. Plasma membrane origin → ER; Cell wall formation → Golgi complex; Lysosomes → Golgi complex

25. Region where sister chromatids join → Centromere

26. Chromosomal end distal to secondary constriction → Satellite

27. Repeated replication without chromatid separation → Endomitosis/Endoreduplication

28. Puffs/Balbiani rings are sites of → Active RNA synthesis

29. Occur at diplotene stage of meiosis in oocytes → Lampbrush chromosomes

30. DNA helix diameter and pitch → 20 Å, 34 Å

31. Adenine in DNA pairs by → 2 hydrogen bonds

32. Guanine in DNA pairs by → 3 hydrogen bonds

33. Watson–Crick DNA model helix type → Right-handed B-DNA

34. Left-handed helix form of DNA → Z-DNA

35. DNA replication begins at → Origin of replication, bi-directionally

36. Lagging strand fragments → Okazaki fragments

37. Prokaryotic mRNA coding for many polypeptides → Polycistronic mRNA

38. tRNA loops → D-loop, Anticodon loop, T-loop

39. Start codon for protein synthesis → AUG

40. Starting amino acid in eukaryotes → Methionine

41. Starting amino acid in prokaryotes → N-formyl methionine

42. Pairing of codon–anticodon with third base flexibility → Wobble base pairing

43. UAA, UAG, UGA → Nonsense codons

44. Functional sub-unit of a gene → Cistron

45. 0.3% DNA not replicated in S-phase → Zygotene stage

46. Genes inherited together → Linkage

47. Max. number of linkage groups = → Haploid chromosome number

48. Frequency of crossing over cannot exceed → 50%

49. Exception to Mendel’s 2nd law → Linkage

50. Exceptions to segregation → Paramutations & Polyploidy

51. Exception to unit character principle → Pleiotropism

52. Sex index classification → Female 1.0; Super female >1.5; Meta female 1.33; Intersex 0.75; Male 0.5

53. Differences in plasmagene inheritance → Reciprocal difference

54. Alteration in chemical structure of gene → Gene/Point mutations

55. Reverse order in tandem duplication → Reverse tandem

56. Inversion including centromere → Pericentric inversion

57. Cross-over suppressors → Paracentric inversions

58. Segment integrated into non-homologous chromosome → Translocation

59. Adjacent homologous centromeres move to same pole → Adjacent–II

60. Organism with one extra chromosome (2n+1) → Trisomy

61. Trisomics with isochromosome as extra → Secondary trisomics

62. Determination of complete genome sequence → Structural genomics

63. Chromosome number change involving whole sets → Euploidy

64. Genes in right order but shifted → Shifts

65. Chromosome segment oriented in reverse direction → Inversion