Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 2 ✓

 

• TRIPS: Stands for Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights.
• Seed Moisture: 13% moisture is ideal for certified rice seeds.
• Ribosomes: 70S ribosomes are found in mitochondria.
• Test Cross Progeny (Dominant Epistasis): Observed in a 2:1:1 ratio.
• Ideotype: A biological model expected to perform predictably within a defined environment.
• Blood Group: Blood group A has antigen A on RBC surface and antibody B in the serum.
• Mutagen: A chemical or physical agent that enhances the frequency of mutations.
• Viability Test for Seeds: 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride is used.
• Composite Variety: Developed by cross-pollination.
• Fairchild's Mule: A cross between Sweet William and Carnation.
• Cybrid: A cytoplasmic hybrid formed by cell fusion.
• Cri-du-chat Syndrome: Caused by a deficiency in chromosome 5 in humans.
• Composite Fruit: A fruit that develops from an inflorescence.
• Anchor Gene: A gene placed on both physical and genetic maps.
• Transgenic: A genotype developed through genetic engineering.
• Clade: A group of species with a common evolutionary ancestry.
• Syndrome: A group of symptoms associated with a condition.
• Iso-chromosome Haploid: A haploid with an iso-chromosome is called a mis-division haploid.
• Hybrid: A hybrid is always heterozygous.
• Callus: A mass of regenerated cells in culture medium.
• Seed: A mature ovule containing an embryo.
• Chasmogamy: A mechanism of self-pollination where flowers open after pollination.
• Mendelian Population: Also known as a random mating population.
• Pedigree Method: Used to improve specific traits like plant height or disease resistance.
• Core Collection: A minimum set of accessions that represent genetic diversity.
• Multilines: A mixture of pure lines differing in a single resistance gene.
• Moisture Meter: Instrument used to measure the moisture percentage in seeds.
• Hypermorph: A mutant allele that functions more effectively than the normal allele.
• Mutagenesis: A newer method for crop improvement.
• Nucleotide: Formed by a nitrogen base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
• Peroxisome: A single-membrane organelle.
• Piche Atmometer: A porous paper used to measure the evaporative rate of water.
• Psychrometer: Used to measure tissue water potential.
• Kaolin: A type of radiation-reflecting material (5%).
• Epidemic: A severe outbreak of disease from a low level of infection.
• Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
• Synthetic Variety: Can be developed from inbreds, clones, and open-pollinated varieties.
• Pea Plant Phenotypes: A tall pea plant (DD) and a tall pea plant (Dd) share the same phenotype.
• Recurrent Selection for SCA: A tester with a narrow genetic base (e.g., OPV) is used for evaluating lines.
• Tetrad: Seen during the pachytene stage of meiosis.
• Latent Trait: A trait not observed in wild relatives but present in segregates from crosses with wild relatives.
• Pomato: A transgenic plant with genes from both potato and tomato.
• Composites: Developed by mixing seeds from several phenotypically outstanding lines and encouraging open pollination.
• Synthetic Variety: Produced by crossing lines that combine well with each other.
• Bacteriophage: A virus that infects bacteria.
• ABA (Abscisic Acid): Known as the plant stress hormone.
• Acentric/Dicentric Fragments: Result from a single crossover in paracentric inversions.
• Acid Phosphatase: Acts as a marker enzyme in lysosomes.
• Adaptive Research Trials: Conducted in an area of 0.5 acres.
• Agar: A gelling agent used in culture medium.
• Agrobacterium: Referred to as a natural genetic engineer.
• Pure Line: All plants in a pure line have the same genotype.
• Self-pollinated Varieties: All varieties in self-pollinated crops are pure lines.
• Obligate Parasites: All viruses are obligate parasites.
• Allele: An alternative form of a gene.
• Codon-specific Amino Acids: Tryptophan and methionine each have a single codon.
• Disease: An abnormal condition caused by an organism.
• Seed Drill: An agro-machinery used for sowing operations.
• Clone: An exact genetic replica of a specific gene or organism.
• UV Rays: Example of a non-ionizing physical mutagen.
• Anaphase: The shortest phase of mitosis.
• Abortive Transcription: Refers to the formation of 2-9 oligonucleotides at the start of transcription.
• Atlas-66: An important source of high protein in wheat.
• Autotriploidy: Found in bananas.
• Bajra: A cross-pollinated crop due to protogyny; rich in vitamins A and B.
• Chromomeres: Bead-like structures seen during prophase.
• Industrial Biotechnology: Biotechnology applied to agricultural processes.
• Brassica Evolution: Brassica juncea evolved from B. campestris × B. nigra, and Brassica nigra evolved from B. campestris × B. oleracea.
• Bread Wheat: Hexaploid.
• Breeding for Yields: Aims at recovering transgressive segregants.
•   Breeding methods for self-pollinated crops include pure line selection, mass selection, progeny selection, bulk method, pedigree method, single seed descent method, and backcross method
• Bulk is the method in which pollinated species are grown without selections.
•   Castor is a non-edible oil-yielding crop.
• Cells without a cell wall are called protoplasts.
• Centrioles are found only in animals.
•  Certified seed is produced from foundation or registered seed.
• Characterizing large regions of chromosomes is done by chromosome walking.
• Characters of sex-linked inheritance are observed more in the heterogametic sex.
• Characters that express at a particular environment are referred to as threshold characters.
• Characters that express in a particular environment are called threshold characters.
• Chiasmata occurs at the diplotene stage.
• Chromosomes appear smallest in anaphase.
• Chromosomes are shortest and thickest during metaphase.
• Chromosomes were discovered in 1875 by Strasburger.
• Cleistogamy encourages self-pollination.
• Clonal selection is mostly used in ginger.
• Clones are said to be immortal but deteriorate due to viral infections and mutations.
• Clones are said to be immortal, but they deteriorate due to viral infections and mutations.
• Clones have identical genotypes but not necessarily the phenotype.
• Competition between gametes carrying mutant and normal alleles is called haplontic selection.
• Complete failure of vertical resistance can lead to a disease epidemic known as the Vertifolia effect.
• Complete failure of vertical resistance leading to a disease epidemic is called the Vertifolia effect.
• Conservation of germplasm away from its natural habitat is called ex-situ conservation.
• Conservation of germplasm in its natural habitat, protecting it from human interference, is called in-situ conservation.
• Continuous inbreeding (selfing) leads to homozygosity.
• Conversion of fat into carbohydrates is seen in the glyoxylate cycle.
• Crossing of F1 with its recessive parent is called a test cross.
• Crossing of F1 with one of its parents is called back cross.
• Crossing over and recombination occur during meiosis division.
• Crossing over takes place during the pachytene stage.
•  Cross-linking of DNA is due to alkylating agents.
•  Cultivated banana is an autotriploid.
•  Cytokinin is mostly synthesized in root tips.
• Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones that promote cell division in plant roots and shoots.
• DCMU is a photosynthesis inhibitor.
• Dehiscence of anthers of flowers before the stigma is receptive is called protandry.
• Deoxy ribose sugar lacks an oxygen atom at the 2' carbon position.
• Detrimental effect of the host plant on insect development is called antibiosis.
• Development of an average phenotype irrespective of environmental or genetic variation is known as canalization.
• Differences within a pure line are due to environmental factors.
• Different alleles producing the same phenotype are referred to as isoalleles.
• Differential rates of reproduction and survival of an organism are referred to as selection.
• DIMBOA in maize leaves confers resistance against the European corn borer.
• Disease resistance is governed by several genes.
•   DNA sequences that increase the function of the promoter are called enhancers.
• DNA was first synthesized by A. Kornberg.
• Dominance theory was proposed by Devenport in 1908.
• Dominant genes for male sterility are observed in safflower.
• Double cross hybrids of maize are developed using CGMS (Cytoplasmic Male Sterility) lines.
• Embryogenesis is the process of formation of somatic embryos from callus.
• Erucic acid is found in mustard.
• Ethylene is a plant hormone in gaseous form.
• Excessive performance of a cross beyond the expected GCA of parents is called specific combining ability.
• Expression of transgenes in plants is affected by gene silencing, chromosome arrangement, and pleiotropy.
• Five inbred lines will lead to 10 single crosses.
• Formation of ice crystals at inter and intra-cellular levels is due to freezing stress.
• Formation of male flowers is induced by GA3.
• Foundation seed is otherwise known as mother seed.
• Foundation seed is the progeny of breeder seed.
• Four daughter cells are formed in one cycle of meiosis.
• Functional gametes are formed due to alternate segregation.
• Gamete is a sexual unit.
• Gamma ray doses are expressed as gray.
• GATT agreement came into force in 1948.
• GATT stands for General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (now WTO).
• GEAC stands for Genetic Engineering Approval Committee.
• Gene families originate by duplications followed by mutations.
• Genetic male sterility is found in pigeon pea.
• Genetic transformation in animal cells is called transfection.
• Genetic transformation in animal cells is referred to as transfection.
• Germplasm means a collection of genetic material.
• Gibberellin is a plant hormone used to promote stem elongation and seed germination.
• Glucose is also called dextrose.
• GM stands for Genetically Modified seeds.
• GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism.
• Golden rice was developed by Ingo Potrykus and Peter Beyer.
• Gradual loss of variability from cultivated species or wild forms is called genetic erosion.
• Gregg-399 is an important source of genetic male sterility in cotton.
• Hand pollination during commercial seed production is practiced in cotton.
• Haploids are developed by anther culture.
• Harbhajan Singh is popularly known as the Indian Vavilov.
• Heterosis is also known as hybrid vigor.
•  Heterozygosity is reduced by 50% for every generation of selfing.
• Heterozygotic potential variability released as free variability occurs through segregation.
• Hidden or unbound variability not available for selection is called potential variability.
• High benzyl alcohol in wheat confers resistance against green bugs.
• High ID is found in alfalfa and carrot.
• High silica content in rice leaves and stems confers resistance against the yellow stem borer.
• High silica content in rice leaves and stems confers resistance against the yellow stem borer.
• Highly mutable sites within a gene are called hotspots.
• Homologous genes within the same organism that encode related proteins with identical functions are called orthologues.
• Homozygous and homogeneous lines are called pure lines.
• Huxley referred to protoplasm as the physical basis of life.
• Hybridization is common in the crop cotton.
• Hybrids resulting from crosses between two or more inbreds or purelines are called conventional hybrids.
• HYV means High Yielding Varieties.
• HYVP was started in 1966.
• Identical plants developed vegetatively from one mother plant are called clones.
• If embryos develop from vegetative cells of the ovule (like the nucellus, integument, or chalaza) without producing an embryo sac, it is called adventive embryony.
• In a seed, the food storage tissue is known as endosperm, cotyledon, or perisperm.
• In cross-pollinated species, directional selection leads to a heterozygous balance.
• In haploid organisms, non-dividing cells are blocked in the G2 phase.
• In India, germplasm collections are maintained by NBPGR (National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources).
• In India, seed certification is voluntary.
• In India, seed certification is voluntary.
•  In India, the Seeds Act came into effect in 1969.
• In India, the Seeds Act was enacted by parliament in 1966.
• In plant tissue culture, 'HEPA' stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air.
• In potatoes, protein quality has been improved by transferring the serum albumin gene from humans.
• In pure line theory, Johannsen was working on the Princess variety of Rajma.
• In seed technology, PBR stands for Plant Breeders' Rights.
• In seed technology, TLS means Truthfully Labelled Seeds.
•  In self-pollinated species, directional selection leads to a homozygous balance.
•  In the Rag doll method of testing seed germination, the flannel cloth used is of size 35 cm x 27.5 cm.
• In tobacco, cold resistance has been achieved by transferring a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana.
• In Uniform Regional Trials (URTs), the trials are conducted at 25-30 locations.
•  Inability of freshly harvested seeds to germinate for a period is called dormancy.
• Increased vigor and size of inter-specific hybrids is called luxuriance.
• Individuals with AAXX are females.
• Intra-specific hybridization refers to a cross between two plants of different varieties.
• Intra-specific hybridization refers to a cross between two plants of different varieties.
• In-vitro synthesis of DNA is done by Khurana.
• IRRI (International Rice Research Institute), Philippines was established in 1960 by joint efforts of the Ford Foundation.
• Isolation of hybrids and developing haploids is done by anthers/ovary.
• Isolation of seed materials from the spread of diseases, weeds, and insect pests is known as quarantine.
• Left-hand coiling is seen in Z-form DNA.
• Linkage is detected by a test cross.
• Liquid nitrogen at -196°C is useful in cryopreservation.
•  Loss of a genotype due to its failure to reach an optimum phenotype because of genotype-environment interaction is called genetic slippage.
•  Male sterility is transferred by backcross method.
• Mass selection is always based on phenotype.
• Mendel began his famous experiments on peas in 1857.
• Mendel was born on July 22, 1822.
• Mendel worked on 7 contrasting characters of the garden pea.
• Meristem culture is a method of tissue culture.
• Meristem culture is a method of tissue culture.
• Migration is comparable to genotypic disassortative mating.
• Mitochondria are referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell."
• Mitochondria were discovered by C. Benda.
• Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
• Modern cultivars of the recent past are called obsolete cultivars.
• Modified flowers that develop into plants directly without seed formation are called bulbils.
• Monogenic sex determination is found in asparagus, papaya, maize, spinach, etc.
• mRNA is primarily used for the transcription of DNA.
• m-RNA is primarily used for the transcription of DNA.
• Natural selection plays a more significant role in the bulk breeding method.
• NBPGR's sub-station representing mixed climates is located at Akola.
• Negative interference is observed in viruses.
• Negative interference is observed in viruses.
• Often cross-pollination occurs in safflower, arhar, cotton, and sorghum.
• OMIM stands for Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man.
• One allele that modifies other alleles in the same nucleus, affecting their function for a few generations, is called paramutation.
• Onion and garlic are examples of bulbs.
• Only one large chloroplast is seen in the cells of Chlamydomonas.
• Organelles of the cell found only in plants are plastids and spherosomes.
• Paramutations are due to heterochromatization or methylation of DNA.
• Partially homologous chromosomes are called homeologous.
• Permanent fixation of heterosis can be achieved by apomixes, vegetative reproduction, and the balanced lethal system.
• Phenotypic ratio of Monocross hybrid is 3:1.
• Phenotypically males but genetically females is a characteristic of Klinefelter’s syndrome.
• Photosynthesis is an oxidation-reduction process.
• Photosystem II is absent in C4 plants.
• Places with varied climate conditions leading to different variations among crop species are called Centers of Diversity.
• Plant hormones that regulate growth, particularly by stimulating cell elongation, are known as auxins.
• Plant tissue culture techniques are performed in a laminar air flow chamber.
• Plant tissue culture was begun by G. Haberlandt in 1808.
• Plants produced using recombinant DNA techniques are called transgenic plants.
• Plants that have been genetically produced using recombinant DNA techniques are known as transgenic plants.
• Plants that owe their resistance by avoidance are known as water savers.
• Plants that produce seeds that germinate before detaching from the parent are known as viviparous plants.
• Plants that resist drought by avoiding water loss are called water savers.
• Plants that show wilting but recover after water supply are experiencing permanent wilting.
• Plants that wilt in mid-day and recover at night experience temporary wilting.
• Pollen from one flower falling on the stigmas of another flower of the same plant is called geitonogamy.
• Pollination and fertilization before flower opening is termed cleistogamy.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed by Dr. Karl Mullis in 1980.
• Polyploids are most mutation-tolerant.
• Potato is an autotetraploid.
• Premature termination of transcription is referred to as attenuation.
• Progeny selection is also known as the ear-to-row method of selection.
• Progeny Test is also known as the Vilmorin isolation principle.
• Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid and glucosinolates are called double zero varieties.
• Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid are called single zero varieties.
• Rapeseed varieties with low erucic acid, low glucosinolates, and low fiber are called triple zero varieties.
• Reciprocal recurrent selection was first developed by Comstock, Robinson, and Harvey.
• Reduction or loss of vigor and fertility due to inbreeding is called inbreeding depression.
• Registered seed is produced from foundation seed.
• Removal of stamens, anthers, or killing of pollen to prevent selfing is called emasculation.
• Repair of thymine dimers by the Phy gene product in the presence of blue light is called photoreactivation.
• Resistance against chilling can be conferred by the accumulation of ABA in plant tissues.
• RFLP stands for Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism.
• Ribosomes are the cell organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
• RNA synthesis occurs in the nucleolus.
• Rolling circle replication of phages was discovered by Dresseler.
• Rough ER is associated with ribosomes.
• Scarification is a method to promote germination.
• Seed collections meant for active use in breeding programs are called working collections.
• Seed development by self-pollination is called autogamy.
• Seed dormancy in rice is observed in the indica variety.
• Seed labeling in India is compulsory.
• Seedlessness in lemon is due to self-incompatibility.
• Seeds that are desiccation-tolerant and have a long storage period are called orthodox seeds.
• Seeds that lose their viability if moisture reduces to less than 12-30% are called recalcitrant seeds.
• Segregating materials grown in different locations to facilitate selection for one trait in one location and another trait in another is termed shuttle breeding.
• Selection favoring the intermediate phenotype and acting against extremes is called stabilizing selection.
• Selection for one trait that reduces yield is referred to as yield penalty.
• Selection for one trait that would reduce yield is referred to as yield penalty.
• Selection in one direction for one generation and in the opposite direction in another generation is known as cyclic selection.
• Self-pollinated species are also known as autogamous species.
• Semi-conservative replication was postulated by Watson and Crick.
• Semi-conservative replication was postulated by Watson and Crick.
• Sex chromosomes are also called allosomes.
• Sib pollination involving the stigma and pollen of two different individuals derived vegetatively from the same mother is called adelphogamy.
• Single-stranded RNA as genetic material is seen in polio and influenza viruses.
• Sphagnum moss is used as nursery growing media.
• Strategic use of major genes to avoid boom and bust phenomena is called gene deployment.
• Strong gluten strength is required for bread making.
• Substitution of one purine by another pyrimidine is called a transversion.
• Sudden heritable changes in the characters of an organism are called mutations.
• Sugarcane, cotton, and brassica are autopolyploids.
• Superiority of the hybrid to the standard variety is termed economic heterosis.
• Synthetic varieties are maintained by open pollination.
• Techniques used to promote homologous pairing and translocations are chromosome manipulation techniques.
• TGMS and PGMS are commercially used in hybrid seed production (HSP) of rice for the first time.
• The "Cell Theory" was given by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839.
• The "germ plasm" theory was given by Weisman in 1889.
• The “Germ Plasm” theory was given by Weisman in 1889.
• The ability of a host to avoid or minimize loss in productivity despite infection by a pathogen is termed tolerance.
• The ability of a host to avoid or minimize loss in productivity despite infection by a pathogen is termed tolerance.
• The ability of an inbred to transmit desirable performance to hybrid progenies is called combining ability.
• The accepted theory of Mendel is known as the law of segregation.
• The adaptation of a variety, line, or population to a new environment is called acclimatization.
• The appearance of the wild phenotype in F1 from a cross between two mutants is called complementation.
• The arrangement of chromosomes in descending order of size is called a karyotype.
• The artificial hybridization in fruit and vegetable crops was first used by T. A. Knight.
• The autoradiograph of replication in E. coli was shown by J. Cairns.
• The average performance of an inbred in a series of crosses with other inbreds is called general combining ability.
• The best method for developing disease-resistant plants is back crossing.
• The binding of a regulatory protein to an operator is necessary for transcription to begin in the case of positive control.
• The book "Micrographia" was written by Robert Hooke.
• The boom and bust cycle of pest outbreaks was described by Priestly.
• The buffering capacity of a genotype to environmental fluctuations is called homeostasis.
• The bulk method was first used by Nelson Ehle in 1908.
• The capability of seeds to show living properties is called viability.
• The capability of seeds to show living properties is termed viability.
• The capacity of a pathogen to cause disease is called virulence.
• The capacity of a pathogen to incite disease is known as virulence.
• The cell division that occurs during the formation of micro and megaspores is meiosis.
• The Central Seed Testing Laboratory is located in Varanasi and Nagpur.
• The Central Seed Testing Laboratory is located in Varanasi.
• The CGMS system is also known as nucleoplasmic male sterility.
• The chiasma type theory of crossing over was proposed by Janssens.
• The chromosomes seen as J-shaped during metaphase are known as acrocentric chromosomes.
• The color of the tag prescribed for foundation seed is white.
• The color of the tag prescribed for foundation seed is white.
• The composition of unsaturated fatty acid in sunflower oil is 85%.
• The concept of gamete selection to increase the frequency of superior gametes was given by Stadler.
• The concept of pure line theory was developed by Johannsen in 1903.
• The concept of totipotency was originally presented by Gottlieb Haberlandt.
• The concept of vertical and horizontal resistance was developed by J. E. Vander Plank.
• The controlling center of a cell is the nucleus.
• The crop also known as “pungent pepper” is chilli.
• The crop also known as eggplant is brinjal.
• The cross between an inbred line and an open-pollinated variety is known as a top cross.
• The cross between an inbred line and an open-pollinated variety is known as a top cross.
• The diagrammatic representation of karyotype is also referred to as an ideotype.
• The diallel selective mating design was given by Jenson.
• The difference in behavior or activity between the alleles contributed by two parents in an individual is called genetic imprinting.
• The discovery of DNA as genetic material was conducted by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.
• The DNA molecule that undergoes replication is referred to as a template.
• The dot blot technique helps in the detection of DNA sequences.
• The double helix model of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.
• The double helix model of DNA was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.
• The Drosophila of the plant kingdom is Arabidopsis.
• The effect of one gene on the expression of another gene is called epistasis.
• The effect of pollen grains on maternal tissues is known as metaxenia.
• The escape of a host plant from damage is termed avoidance.
• The exchange of homologous segments between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is called crossing over.
• The expected crossovers to observed crossovers is called coincidence.
• The extra chromosome in a primary trisomic is a normal chromosome.
• The extra chromosome in a secondary trisomic is an isochromosome.
• The extra chromosome in a tertiary trisomic is a translocated chromosome.
• The extra chromosome in a tertiary trisomic is a translocated chromosome.
• The failure of pollen from a flower to fertilize the same flower is called self-incompatibility.
• The father of biochemical genetics is Garrod.
•  The father of genetic engineering is Paul Berg.
• The father of genetics is Gregor John Mendel.
•  The father of modern genetics is T.H. Morgan.
• The father of plant genetic resources is N.I. Vavilov.
• The first genetically modified food product was a tomato, which was transformed to delay its ripening.
• The first genetically modified food product was a tomato, which was transformed to delay its ripening.
• The first inter-genetic cross made by Rimpu in 1890 is triticale.
• The first inter-specific hybrid of cotton is Varalaxmi.
• The first inter-specific hybrid of cotton was Varalaxmi.
• The first inter-varietal hybrid of cotton was H-4, developed by C.T. Patel in 1970.
• The first stable product formed in C3 plants is PGA (3-phosphoglycerate).
• The first time a gene was divided into cistron, muton, and recon was done by Benzer in 1955.
• The first transgenic cotton was developed in 1987 by Monsanto Company.
• The first-generation progeny of a hybrid is referred to as a segregate.
• The folded fiber model was given by Dupraw.
• The frego bract in cotton confers resistance against boll weevil.
• The functional unit of life is the cell.
• The fundamental unit of crop production is the seed.
• The gene bank of wheat is situated in Karnal, Haryana.
• The gene pool concept was given by Harlan and Devet.
• The gene-for-gene hypothesis was given by Harold Flor.
• The general breeding method is introduction.
• The general concept in the development of synthetic varieties is the exploitation of hybrid vigor.
• The genetics of disease resistance is given by Biffen.
• The genic balance system of sex determination was proposed by Bridges in 1922.
• The GM crop that was recently at the center of a controversy in India is Bt Brinjal.
• The Golgi complex is referred to as the traffic policeman of the cells.
• The highest uniformity is observed in single cross hybrids.
• The horizontal axis of a graph (X-axis) is called the abscissa.
• The hypothesis explaining that allopolyploids evolved by inter-specific hybridization followed by chromosome doubling is known as the Winge Hypothesis.
• The hypothesis explaining that horizontal resistance is the cumulative effect of vertical resistance genes which succumbed to corresponding virulence genes of pathogens is the ghost gene hypothesis.
• The ideotype concept was developed by Donald in 1968.
• The ideotype that performs best in commercial crop densities is known as the Crop Ideotype.
• The ideotype that performs well in a genetically heterogeneous population is called a competition ideotype.
• The incompatibility reaction of pollen controlled by the genotype of the plant is called sporophytic self-incompatibility.
• The individual integrity of chromosomes is maintained by telomeres.
• The inflorescence of banana, arecanut, coconut, and date palm is called a spadix.
• The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was established in 1924.
• The introduction of medicinal plants into India will be routed through BSI (Botanical Survey of India).
• The inversion where the centromere is involved in the inverted segment is called pericentric inversion.
• The isolation distance for hybrid paddy seed production: Foundation class – 200 meters, Certified class – 100 meters.
• The isolation distance to be followed while cultivating rice for certified seeds is 3 m.
• The lagging strand replicates discontinuously and produces Okazaki fragments.
• The largest organelle in a eukaryotic cell is the nucleus.
• The law stating that gene and genotypic frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation if there is no selection, mutation, migration, or random drift is known as the H-W law (Hardy-Weinberg law).
• The law that explains characters found in one species also occurring in other related species is known as the law of homologous series of variation.
• The laws of heredity were first discovered by G.J. Mendel.
• The linkage of dominant genes hypothesis was given by Jones.
• The longest chromosome is seen in Trillium species.
• The longest mitotic phase is prophase.
• The lowest number of chromosomes in a plant is seen in Haplopappus gracilis.
• The main function of the Golgi body is packing and transport of food materials.
• The main objectives of hybridization are combination breeding, transgressive breeding, and developing new F1s.
• The main source of male sterility in bajra is Tift-23 A.
• The main source of male sterility in sorghum is Tift-60.
• The majority of mutations are harmful in nature.
• The male sterility used when the seed is not an economical product/value is known as CMS (Cytoplasmic Male Sterility).
• The marker protein for mitochondria is cytochrome-C.
• The mass pedigree method was proposed by J.B. Harrington in 1937.
• The material contained in vacuoles is cell sap.
• The mechanisms of insect resistance were given by Painter.
• The meristem culture technique was developed by George Morel.
• The metals used in the particle bombardment method are gold and tungsten.
• The minimum germination percentage prescribed for cucumber seed is 60%.
• The most abundant form of RNA is rRNA (80%).
• The most commonly used medium in plant tissue culture experiments is Murashige & Skoog medium.
• The most commonly used method for selection from segregation generations of crosses in self-pollinated crops is the pedigree method.
• The most commonly used potential chemical mutagen for inducing male sterility is ethidium bromide.
• The mutant gene responsible for high lysine content in maize is called opaque-2.
• The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) is located in New Delhi (1976).
• The National Seeds Corporation (NSC) functions as a producer of foundation seeds.
• The naturally occurring auxin is IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid).
• The NBPGR sub-station representing an arid climate is located in Jodhpur.
• The NBPGR sub-station representing temperate climate is located in Shimla.
• The NBPGR sub-station representing the tropical climate is located at Kanyakumari.
• The newly proposed seed act of India was introduced in 2004.
• The nucleosome solenoid model was given by Korenberg and Thomas.
• The nucleus is absent in companion cells of phloem and RBCs.
• The nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1833.
• The occurrence of one crossing over in a region that suppresses the occurrence of another crossing over in its vicinity is known as interference.
• The oldest method of selection is mass selection.
• The one gene one polypeptide hypothesis was proposed by Vernon Ingram.
• The one gene-one enzyme hypothesis was proposed by Beadle and Tatum in 1941.
• The operon model of gene regulation was discovered by Jacob and Monod in 1961.
• The organelle known as the "dustbin of the cell" is the vacuoles.
• The organelle known as the "engine of the cell" is the ribosome.
• The organelle known as the "suicidal bag of the cell" is the lysosome.
• The organelle known as the dustbin of the cell is the vacuoles.
• The organelle of the cell that is non-living is the cell wall.
• The parent with the desirable character to be transferred in a cross is the donor parent.
• The phenomenon where seed-like structures develop without fertilization is called apomixis.
• The phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1.
• The plant cell is a eukaryote.
• The plant part used for micro-propagation is an explant.
• The plastid responsible for color in plants is the chromoplast.
• The plastid responsible for photosynthesis in plants is the chloroplast.
• The point at which plants die completely and do not recover is known as the ultimate wilting point.
• The portion of the plant embryo that gives rise to the first true leaves is known as the plumule.
• The possible number of straight crosses, along with reciprocals, with 10 inbred lines is 90.
• The presence of a physical barrier between anthers and stigma that promotes cross-pollination is termed herkogamy.
• The primary electron acceptor in PS-II is pheophytin.
• The process of bringing wild species under human management is referred to as domestication.
• The process of chromatid separation is called disjunction.
• The process of culture and then producing double haploids is known as reverse breeding.
• The process of fruit development without fertilization is known as parthenocarpy.
• The process of generating mature RNA is called splicing.
• The process of shoot and root differentiation from somatic embryos is called organogenesis.
• The process of subjecting seeds to cold and moist conditions to promote germination is called stratification.
• The process of using DNA information to construct mRNA is called transcription.
• The process of using information from DNA to construct m-RNA is called transcription.
• The process where pollination and fertilization occur but the developing embryos abort is called stenospermocarpy.
• The production of non-functional pollen grains is called male sterility.
• The progeny obtained from a cross between two facultative apomicts is called a vybrid.
• The progeny obtained from a cross between two facultative apomicts is called a vybrid.
• The progeny of a single self-pollinated crop is called a pureline.
• The progeny test is also known as the Vilmorin isolation principle.
• The progeny test was first given by Louis D. Vilmorin while working on sugar beets.
• The project on Indian mustard oil with higher β-carotene was initiated by Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI).
• The prokaryotic organism that does not contain mitochondria is bacteria.
• The promoter region can be identified by footprinting.
• The property of an individual to produce progeny is called prepotency.
• The proportion of variability expressed as phenotype is called free variability.
• The Rag Doll Method or Paper Method is a method of testing seed germination.
• The rapid advancement of generations of cross is the objective of the single seed descent method.
• The ratio between observed frequencies of double crossovers.
• The rediscovery of Mendel’s work was done by Hugo de Vries, Erich Correns, and Erich Tschermak in 1900.
• The regeneration capacity or ability of a plant cell to develop into a whole plant is known as totipotency.
• The regeneration capacity or ability of a plant cell to develop into a whole plant is called totipotency.
• The removal of RNA primer during DNA replication in prokaryotes is done by DNA pol-1.
• The resistance of a host to a particular race of a pathogen is referred to as vertical resistance.
• The resistance of a host to a specific race of a pathogen is called vertical resistance.
• The resistance of a host to all races of a pathogen is known as horizontal resistance.
• The result of triple fusion (3n) is the formation of endosperm.
• The scheme according to which individuals are mated to produce a sexual progeny is called a mating system.
• The seed collections that are meant to be used actively in breeding programs are called working collections.
• The selection of superior individuals based on phenotype is known as mass selection.
• The selection that leads to speciation is termed disruptive selection.
• The significance of the nucleus was given by Hammerling.
• The single seed descent method was first applied in oat in 1965 by Graphius.
• The sink is limited in cereals.
• The site of protein synthesis is the ribosome.
• The site of spindle fiber attachment is called the centromere.
• The soil-borne bacterium used for the development of transgenic plants is Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in bajra is Tifton 21 A.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in cauliflower is Ogura cytoplasm.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in chili is Capsicum annum.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in cotton is G. harkness.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in jowar is Combine kafir-60.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in maize is Texas cytoplasm.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in rice is wild abortive.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in rice is wild abortive.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in sunflower is Helianthus petolaris.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in tobacco is N. microcephalis.
• The source of male sterile cytoplasm in wheat is Agelops caudata.
• The stage of DNA synthesis in mitosis is interphase.
• The storage protein in maize is called zein.
• The storage protein in maize is zein.
• The study of interactions between antigens and antibodies is known as serology.
• The substitution of one purine by another pyrimidine is called a transversion.
• The sum total of harmful, unfavorable genes constitutes the genetic load of a species.
• The sum total of hereditary material, i.e., all the alleles of various genes in a crop species and its wild relatives, is called germplasm.
• The superiority of F1 over any of its parents in any character is called heterosis.
• The superiority of F1 over the better parent in any character is known as heterobeltiosis.
• The superiority of F2 or later generations to the better parent is called transgressive segregation.
• The superiority of F2 or later generations to the better parent is known as transgressive segregation.
• The suspension of free cells of callus in a liquid medium is known as suspension culture.
• The tag color or label of a breeder seed is yellow.
• The tag color or label of a breeder seed is yellow.
• The tag color or label of a registered seed is purple.
• The tag color or label of certified seed is azure blue.
• The technique used to detect a specific DNA/RNA sequence is the DOT blot technique.
• The technique used to minimize gene expression is antisense RNA technology.
• The tendency to eliminate undesirable genotypes from a population is known as selection pressure.
• The term "blue biotechnology" describes applications in the marine and aquatic environments.
• The term "chromosome" was coined by Waldeyer in 1888.
• The term "crossing over" was first used by Morgan and Cattell.
• The term "endoplasmic reticulum" was coined by Porter in 1945.
• The term "genetic resources" was coined by Frankel.
• The term "genetics" was coined by Bateson in 1905.
• The term "genomics" was coined by Thomas Roderick in 1986.
• The term "heterosis" was given by Shull in 1914.
• The term "mitosis" was first given by Walter Flemming in 1882.
• The term "plastids" was introduced by Lederberg.
• The term “chromosome” was coined by Waldeyer in 1888.
• The term “Genetics” was coined by W. Bateson in 1905.
• The term “Genomics” was coined by Thomas Roderick in 1986.
• The term “mitosis” was first given by Walter Flemming in 1882.
• The term Lysosome was first used by Duve in 1955.
• The term meiosis was coined by Farmer & Moore in 1905.
• The term mitosis was coined by Flemming in 1882.
• The term recurrent selection was coined by Hull in 1945.
• The term self-incompatibility was coined by Stout.
• The terms gene, genotype, and phenotype were used by Johansen in 1903.
• The terms prophase, metaphase, and anaphase were coined by Strasburger.
• The theory of "Acquired Characteristics" was proposed by Lamarck.
• The theory of evolution through natural selection was given by C. Darwin and A. R. Wallace (1858).
• The theory of inheritance was proposed by G.J. Mendel.
• The thermal degradation of biomass into volatile and non-volatile products prior to combustion is known as pyrolysis.
• The three states of variability—free, homozygotic, and heterozygotic potential variability—are at equilibrium in a random mating system.
• The toxic compound in Lathyrus (Khesari) is BOAA.
• The toxic substances in alfalfa are saponin and plant estrogen.
• The transfer of genetic material from m-RNA to protein is called translation.
• The transfer of genetic material from mRNA to protein is known as translation.
• The two strands of the DNA helix are held together by hydrophobic forces.
• The type of cell found in bacteria and blue-green algae (BGA) is prokaryotic cell.
• The unit in which mutation occurs is called a muton.
• The use of genetic factors to make male gametes non-functional is called genetic emasculation.
• The use of synthetics in maize was first suggested by Hayes & Garber.
• The vertical axis of a graph (Y-axis) is called the ordinate.
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in the year 1995.
• The world’s first pigeon pea hybrid, ICPH-8, was developed in 1997 from ICRISAT, Hyderabad.
• The world’s first seed testing laboratory was established in Germany in 1869.
• The Y-radiated papaya variety that was commercialized is Pusa Nanha.
• There are 2 kinds of cells found in the living world: Eukaryote and Prokaryote.
• Transformation experiments were conducted by Griffith.
• Transgenic genetic male sterility is used commercially for hybrid seed production in crucifers.
• Triplet sequence in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid is called a codon.
• Triplet sequence in t-RNA is called an anticodon.
• Trisomy of chromosome 13 in humans leads to Patau's syndrome.
• Trisomy of chromosome 18 in humans leads to Edward's syndrome.
• Trisomy of chromosome 21 leads to Down's syndrome.
• Twins showing similar phenotypes for a trait are referred to as concordance.
• Two daughter cells are formed in one cycle of mitosis.
• UNEP stands for United Nations Environment Programme.
• Unstained and dividing cells are studied using a phase contrast microscope.
• Variation observed in in-vitro cultured plants is called somaclonal variation.
• Vertical resistance is governed by one or few genes.
• Vertifolia is a variety of potato.
• Wheat varieties resistant to all three rusts are Sparrow and Chhoti Lerma.
• When introduced material is subjected to selection or hybridization, it is called secondary introduction.
• When male and female flowers of a hermaphrodite mature at different times, it is called dichogamy.
• When non-homologous centromeres move to one pole, it is termed adjacent-1 disjunction.
• When pathogen genes match all resistance genes in the host, it results in susceptibility.
• When the female matures before the male, it's called protogyny.
• Within large centers of diversity, small areas that exhibit greater diversity than the center as a whole are termed micro centers.
• WTO stands for World Trade Organization.
• X-ray crystallography of purified DNA was revealed by Wilkins and Franklin.
• X-rays as a mutagen were first used by Muller.