Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 6 ✓

• Important triploid plants include bananas, watermelons, and apples.
• Manipulating chromosome number for crop improvement is called ploidy breeding.
• In cotton, the longer outgrowth fiber is called lint.
• In cotton, the shorter outgrowth fiber is called fuzz.
• Downy mildew resistant male sterile lines in bajra include MS521A, MS541A, and MS570A.
• In Drosophila, inheritance of Sigma particles is an example of inheritance due to infective particles.
• In flour moth, inheritance of pigment was reported by Caspari.
• In maize, the female flower is called a cob.
• In maize, the male flower is called a tassel.
• In humans, X-isochromosome causes gonadal dysgenesis.
• In Melandrium, four regions of the Y chromosome include male suppression, male promoter, male fertility, and pairing regions.
• Regions showing diversity without being the origin are called secondary centres of origin.
• When pistils mature before stamens, the condition is called protogyny.
• When stamens mature before pistils, the condition is called protandry.
• Flowers that do not open at all exhibit cleistogamy.
• Flowers that open only after pollination exhibit chasmogamy.
• In maize, zein is the main protein, deficient in tryptophan and lysine, improved by Opaque-2.
• Zein is the endosperm protein found in maize.
• In plants, gametes are produced in flowers.
• Meiotic division in plants occurs in stamens and pistils.
• Coiling pattern in water snail shell was studied by Sturtevant.
• Random mating implies equal chances of female gametes uniting with male gametes.
• Synapsis occurs during the zygotene stage of meiosis.
• Inability of pollen to fertilize ovules of the same plant is called self-incompatibility.
• Inflorescence in sugarcane is called an arrow.
• Inheritance through cytoplasmic genes is called cytoplasmic inheritance.
• Inheritance of acquired characters was proposed by Lamarck.
• The initiation codon for protein synthesis is AUG (methionine).
• Epistasis is interaction among genes at different loci for the same trait.
• IPGRI is located in Rome.
• HEPA in tissue culture stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air.
• In potato, serum albumin gene from humans improved protein quality.
• Johannsen developed pure line theory using Princess variety of rajma.
• Flannel cloth used in Rag doll method is 35 cm × 27.5 cm.
• In rice, the leaf sheath is the lower portion of the leaf that encloses the stem.
• Seed dormancy in rice is observed in Indica varieties.
• In secondary trisomics, an isochromosome serves as an extra chromosome.
• PBR in seed technology stands for Plant Breeders' Rights.
• TLS in seed technology means Truthfully Labelled Seeds.
• Additive gene variance is lower in early segregating generations (F2, F3) of self-pollinated crops.
• Directional selection in self-pollinated species leads to homozygous balance.
• Ultimate wilting point is when the plant dies completely without recovery.
• Cold resistance in tobacco was achieved using a gene from Arabidopsis thaliana.
• Uniform Regional Trials (URT) are conducted at 25–30 locations.
• If vr-wr graph passes through origin, it indicates complete dominance (D = h).
• Durable resistance in wheat includes resistance to green bug, stem sawfly, and Hessian fly.
• Mitosis occurs in somatic cells.
• Crossing over occurs during the pachytene stage.
• Increased performance of F1 over parents is called heterosis.
• Increased vigor and size in interspecific hybrids is called luxuriance.
• Independently assorted characters segregate independently.
• Indian Seed Act was enacted in 1966.
• Indian Seed Bill was introduced in 2004.
• Telomeres maintain the individual integrity of chromosomes.
• Inflorescence of black gram is axillary.
• Painter proposed the concept of insect resistance.
• Psychrometer is used to measure tissue water potential.
• IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) is located in the Philippines.
• ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) was established in 1924.
• Intra-specific hybridization is a cross between two different varieties of the same species.
• Introduction of medicinal plants into India is routed through BSI (Botanical Survey of India).
• Introgressive breeding transfers genes from wild to cultivated species.
• Introns were discovered by Richard Roberts and Phillip Sharp.
• In-vitro DNA synthesis was achieved by Har Gobind Khorana.
• IRRI was established in 1960 with support from the Ford Foundation.
• IS element-type transposons are common in bacteria.
• Viability is the capability of seeds to exhibit living properties.
• Isolation distance for certified rice seed is 3 meters.
• Haploids are developed from anthers or ovaries during hybrid isolation.
• Quarantine is the isolation of seed material to prevent disease and pest spread.
• Isolation distance for foundation seed of sunflower is 400 meters.
• Jacob and Monod received the Nobel Prize for operon hypothesis.
• The Journal of Genetics was founded by Bateson and Punnett.
• Jumping genes were discovered by Barbara McClintock.
• Male sterility in sorghum is found in Kafir 60.
• Kanamycin and tetracycline are selectable markers in transformation.
• Karan 280 is a drought-tolerant barley variety.
• Karl Landsteiner won the Nobel Prize for discovering ABO blood groups.
• Karl Pearson developed the chi-square test.
• BOAA is the neurotoxin found in khesari.
• Klinefelter syndrome is caused by nondisjunction and is a trisomic condition (2n+1).
• Kranz anatomy is present in sugarcane.
• KSML stands for Kalyan Sona Multiline.
• L × T method is useful for both GCA and SCA analysis.
• Lagging strand has a 5′ to 3′ direction.
• Lagging strand contains Okazaki fragments.
• Lampbrush chromosomes are seen in the diplotene stage.
• Landraces of self-pollinated crops are homozygous but heterogeneous.
• Landraces have a broad genetic base.
• Supercomputers are the largest type of computers.
• The term somaclonal variation was coined by Larkin and Scowcroft.
• The last step in micropropagation is hardening.
• Lattice design is used when treatments are many and form a square.
• Vavilov's Law of Homologous Series is also known as Law of Parallel Variation.
• Laws of heredity were discovered by G.J. Mendel.
• Leading strand has a 3′ to 5′ direction.
• Leaf rust in wheat is caused by Puccinia recondita.
• Leafy vegetables like palak, amaranthus, and spinach are highly cross-pollinated.
• Z-form DNA shows left-handed coiling.
• Core DNA surrounding the nucleosome has a length of 147 base pairs.
• SCAR markers are typically 20–25 nucleotides long.
• Progenitor of lentils is Lens orientalis.
• Hybrid exploitation in wheat is limited due to complex inheritance and low heterosis expression in its polyploid genome.