Whether you’re an investor, a student of finance, or someone curious about how companies work, understanding financial statements is essential. A company’s annual report contains three key statements:
Profit & Loss Statement (P&L)
Balance Sheet
Cash Flow Statement
While each statement provides unique insights, they are deeply interconnected. Studying them together gives you a complete picture of a company’s performance, stability, and long-term prospects.
This guide explains how these three statements work individually—and more importantly—how they connect to one another.
1. Profit & Loss Statement: The Company’s Performance Story
The P&L (Income Statement) captures:
Revenue generated
Expenses incurred
Taxes paid
Final profit (PAT: Profit After Tax)
The bottom line—Profit After Tax—flows directly into the Balance Sheet, becoming part of the company’s reserves and surplus.
In simple terms:
▶ P&L Profit → Added to Equity (Reserves) in the Balance Sheet
This shows how much wealth the company created during the year.
2. Balance Sheet: What the Company Owns and Owes
The balance sheet records:
Assets: What the company owns
Liabilities: What it owes
Equity: What belongs to shareholders
Assets include machinery, plants, land, cash, receivables, and investments.
Liabilities include borrowings, creditors, employee obligations, and taxes owed.
How P&L connects to the Balance Sheet:
Profits increase equity
Losses reduce equity
Inventory changes affect COGS
Receivables and payables reflect credit sales and purchases
The Balance Sheet also shows the company’s borrowing levels, which must be compared with the interest expense shown in the P&L.
3. Cash Flow Statement: Real Cash Movement
The Cash Flow Statement removes all accounting adjustments and reveals actual cash generated or used during the year.
It is divided into three parts:
(a) Operating Activities
Cash generated from the business—sales, production, services.
Healthy companies always show positive operating cash flow.
(b) Investing Activities
Cash used to buy machinery, equipment, buildings, or long-term investments.
Growing companies usually have negative investing cash flow since they reinvest profits.
(c) Financing Activities
Shows how the company funds its operations:
Borrowing money
Repaying loans
Paying dividends
Issuing shares
Financing links back to the liabilities section of the Balance Sheet.
How the Three Statements Flow Into Each Other
Here’s how they are interconnected:
1. P&L → Balance Sheet
Profit adds to reserves (equity).
Loss reduces reserves.
2. Balance Sheet → Cash Flow
Changes in inventory, receivables, and payables directly affect operating cash flow.
3. Cash Flow → Balance Sheet
End-of-year cash balance in the Cash Flow Statement appears as “Cash & Cash Equivalents” under Current Assets.
4. Borrowings → P&L + Cash Flow + Balance Sheet
Borrowings appear as liabilities in the Balance Sheet
They generate interest expense in the P&L
Loan repayments appear in the Cash Flow Statement (financing section)
This seamless connection is why all three statements must be studied together.
Why Understanding This Connection Matters
When you analyze a company, don’t rely on one statement alone.
✔ A company may show profit but have poor cash flow
✔ A company may have huge assets but large borrowings
✔ A company may show growth but struggle to manage working capital
A smart investor checks all three statements to understand:
Long-term solvency
Short-term liquidity
Profitability
Cash strength
Debt burden
Growth potential
This holistic view helps you avoid companies that appear healthy on the surface but are financially weak underneath.
What You Should Pay Attention To
When studying the annual report, focus on:
In the P&L
Revenue trends
Operating expenses
Profit margins
Interest costs
Effective tax rate
In the Balance Sheet
Borrowings
Inventory levels
Receivables and payables
Capital employed
Reserves growth
In the Cash Flow Statement
Positive operating cash flow
Investment in long-term assets
Reasonable financing activity
Debt repayment vs. new borrowings
Each of these gives important clues about management quality and business stability.
Final Thoughts
Fundamental analysis becomes powerful when you stop reading financial statements in isolation and start connecting them.
The P&L explains performance.
The Balance Sheet explains financial position.
The Cash Flow Statement explains actual liquidity.
Together, they give you a 360° view of the business.
Mastering this three-statement connection will significantly improve your ability to judge companies, pick strong businesses, and become a confident long-term investor.
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