Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 43

 
·         Before treatment of chemical mutagen seed are usually soaking for metabolic activity.
·         Biffen started the disease resistant variety in year 1905.
·         Blakeslee (1904) describe Homothallism and Heterothallism in Rhizopus fungi.
·         Blakeslee and Nable (1937) described chromosome doubling action of colchicines.
·         Bombay green is variety of banana and developed through bud selection.
·         Brassica napus is allotetraploid.
·         Bread wheat was ABD genomic constitution.
·         Brim gave the term modified method.
·         BSH1 is a first hybrid sunflower variety.
·         Bud selection usually done in commercial plantation.
·         Bulbils are modified flowers that develop in to plants direct without formation of seed.
·         Bulbils develop into new plants without formation of seed.
·         C4 plants have less photorespiration than C3 plants.
·         CAM plants open stomata during night.
·         Camararious (1694) discovered sex in plants.
·         Canola is a rapeseed cultivar having less than 2% erucic acid and glucosinolate.
·         CCC autotetraploid individual having three dominant and one recessive gene called triplex.
·         CCCC autotetraploid individual having all the recessive gene called nulliplex.
·         Cell expansion is directly related to water stress condition.
·         Chandan Saphed 2, Amberpop and Chandan1 are the composite variety of maize.
·         Character govern by polygenes but show disconteneous variation called quasi-quantitative traits.
·         Chasmogamous flower open after pollination.
·         Chatham is variety of tobacco selection from variety culture 40D.
·         Chemical formula of colchicine is C₂₂H₂₅O₆N.
·         Chimera will be maintained by means of cutting, budding and grafting.
·         Chimera will maintained by meristamatic culture.
·         China and India is develop rice hybrid in rank first and second respectively.
·         China has first rank common in mutation breeding.
·         Chlorophyll meter measure chlorophyll content of the leaves.
·         Chromosome number normally found in gametes of species is known as gametic chromosome number.
·         Chromosome substitution is the easiest in nullisomic plants.
·         Clausen was first use monosomic analysis in wheat crop.
·         Cleistogamous flower do not open.
·         Cleistogamy promotes self pollination.
·         Clonal crops show inbreeding depression.
·         Clones are mentained by asexual reproduction.
·         Co 997 and Co1148 are variety of sugarcane tolerant to drought and salinity.
·         CO₂ is catelysed by the enzyme Ribulose biphosphate carboxylase in C3 plants and phosphophenol pyruvate (PEP) carboxilase in C4 plants.
·         Co⁶⁰ is radioactive isotopes which one of the common source of gamma rays.
·         Col, ND2 and Renuka are varieties of maize.
·         Colchicine applied as aqueous solution.
·         Colchicine effect generally dividing cell.
·         Colchicine is isolated from seed and bulb of autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale).
·         Common parent mated to number of lines, strain or plants is known as tester plants.
·         Common parent used in series of test cross called tester line.
·         Compatible reaction according to gene for gene hypothesis is found in facultative parasite type of pathogen.
·         Complex cross is also known as convergent cross.
·         Composite I variety evolved from Brassica campestris var toria
·         Composite variety is mixture of different genotype.
·         Comstock, Robinson and Harvey (1949) develop reciprocal recurrent selection.
·         Concept of homozygous and heterozygous balance was proposed by Mather.
·         Concept of pureline was proposed by Johansen (1903) in variety princes in Rajama.
·         Concept of TGMS (Thermo sensitive gemetic male sterility) first develop variety of ANNG1 in rice crop.
·         Continuous self pollination of heterogeneous plant and remaining heterozygosity called residual heterozygosity.
·         Cotton has three basic chromosome number.
·         Cotton hybrid H 4 was develop by Gujrat Agriculture university
·         Cotton hybrid Varalaxmi (interspecific) has been developed from cross between G. hirsutum and G. barabadence.
·         Crop showing less than 5% cross pollination called self pollinated.
·         Cross between tetraploid and diploid result of triploid.
·         Cross pollinated and asexually propagated variety show high inbreeding depression.
·         Crosses between inbreds, clones lines with open pollinated.
·         Cross-pollinated population is heterozygous and heterogeneous.
·         CSH abbreviated - coordinated sorghum hybrid.
·         Current breeding programme is oriented to improve population improvement programme.
·         Current breeding programme progeny test is the basic step of breeding programme.
·         Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility is commonly used for hybrid seed production.
·         Cytoplasmic male sterility line T is a cause of southern leaf blight in maize crop.
·         Darwin first reported inbreeding depression in maize crop.
·         Davis develop top cross for large scale screening and testing of inbred lines for GCA (general combining ability).
·         Detailed and precise information in breeding in maize was published by East and Shull (1908 and 1909).
·         Devenport (1908) was proposed dominance hypothesis in heterosis.
·         DH7 is a first cotton hybrid.
·         DH7 is the first deshi cotton hybrid.
·         Dhawan (1965) suggested step ladder method of breeding.
·         Dhawan (1965) suggested step-ladder method of maize breeding.
·         Dichogamy is the condition where anther and stigma in hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers mature at different times.
·         Dichogamy, Heterostyle, Male sterility, Self incompatibility favours cross pollination in crop plants.
·         Differentiation of pathogen is more common in viruses and air borne fungi.
·         Dioecious plants have male and female flowers on different plants.
·         Disease escape occur primarily by avoiding unfavourable environmental condition.
·         Disease foci means epidemics in scattered areas.
·         Division of nucleus into daughter nuclei called karyokinesis.
·         Dominant lethal can not survive in homozygous and heterozygous state.
·         Drisscoll (1972) develop XYZ method of genetic male sterility.
·         DSH-129 is a hybrid variety of sunflower.
·         Due to inbreeding appearance of lethal, subletal and sub vital characteristics.
·         Due to irregular behaviour during meiosis monosomic.
·         Ear to row method is simplest form of progeny selection.
·         East and Shull (1908) was proposed over dominance hypothesis in heterosis.
·         Economic heterosis is a economic and practical value.
·         Economic heterosis is a F1 hybrid is superior to standard commercial variety.
·         Economic heterosis is useful for commercial value.
·         Edible banana have somatic chromosome number is 33.
·         Effect of genetic disassortative mating are similar to inbreeding.
·         Effect of genotype of pollen grains on the phenotype of seed tissue is known as xenia.
·         Effect of pollen grain on maternal tissue of the fruit quality called metaxenia.
·         Effect of pollen on characteristics of seed called xenia.
·         Emasculation is carried before anthesis between 4-6 pm.
·         Embryo develop from vegetative cells like nucleus, integuments and chalaza called adventitive embryo.
·         Embryo develop without fertilization is called apomixis.
·         Embryo develops from megaspore but embryo develops without fertilization is known as diplospory.
·         Embryo sac develops from megaspore called megagametogenesis.
·         Embryo sac develops from megaspore have one egg cell, 2 synergids cell, 3 antipodal cell (all haploid and one secondary nucleus (2n)).
·         Endosperm sac contain generally one and six haploid nuclei.
·         Erucic acid content in brassica seed is due to one pair of gene.
·         Estimation of GCA in forage by poly cross test.
·         Estimation of general combining ability of parents used in synthetic variety either stop cross or poly cross.
·         Estimation of mean yield of the four non parental single crosses are performance of double crosses as predicted.
·         Ethylene imine and ethylene methane sulphonate are alkyl ting agents used in mutation breeding.
·         Euploid is the exact multiple of basic chromosome number.
·         Exposure of low level of radiation continued over long period of time (months or years) called chronic irradiation.
·         F1 (First filial generation) used as a commercial cultivar in hybrid variety.
·         Failure of pairing between homologous chromosomes is known as asynapsis.
·         Female and hermaphrodite flowers produced on separate plants called gynodioecious plant. Pusa Majesty variety of papaya.
·         First gamma garden of India was established in Calcutta at Bosh research institute.
·         First hybrids of pearl millet and castor are HB1 and GCH3 respectively.
·         First pigeon pea hybrid ICPH8 was released in India.
·         First rapseed hybrid is PGSH51.
·         Flower having both stamens and pistil is known as perfect flower.
·         Flower having long style and short stamens called pin flower.
·         Flower having short style and long stamens called thrum flower.
·         Formula of use ful heterosis is = Mean value of F1 - Mean value of commercial cultivar / Mean value of commercial cultivar X 100.
·         Frame shift mutation produced due to addition and deletion of bases.
·         Frequency of spontaneous mutation is 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁷
·         Functional pollen unable to fertilize same flower called self incompatibility.
·         Functional pollen unable to fertilize same flower of plant is called self incompatibility.
·         Fusion of sperm with egg cell with secondary nucleus is called double fertilization.
·         G. arboreum is also called Asiatic cotton.
·         G. hirsutum and G. arboreum is a old world cotton.
·         Gamet is the haploid cell participate in fusion.
·         Gamet selection was proposed by stadller (1944) for improvement of inbred lines.
·         Gametophytic male sterility was first described East and Magelsdorf, 1925.
·         GCA estimated by half sib family.
·         Gene betB was isolated from E. coli. And insert in tobacco resistant to drought.
·         Gene for gene hypothesis catagorised in compatible and incompatible reaction.
·         Gene Sacb was isolated from Bacillus subtilis and inserted in tobacco and resistant to drought.
·         Generally clone crops are cross pollinated and show self incompatibility.
·         Generally clones are heterozygous.
·         Generally colchicine use for seed treatment is 0.2% and 0.1% as shoot bud of hardi plants.
·         Generally immunity produced by the plant through develop sensitive reaction.
·         Generally random drift occur in small population.
·         Generally, all the variability in plant species originated due to gene mutation.
·         Generative nucleus of pollen cell undergo meiosis and produce microspores.
·         Genetic assortative mating is known as in breeding.
·         Genetic makeup of an individual is known as genotype.
·         Genetic male sterility is governed by generally a single recessive gene.
·         Genotype of clone does not change as compare to other crops so called clone is immortal.
·         Glacier is a high amylase containing variety of barley.
·         Globulin is a fatty acids soluble in salt solution.
·         Globulin is a major (80%) protein of legume.
·         Glucosinolates is a sulphur containing compound found in Brassica spp.
·         Gossipium arboreum is Asiatic cotton.
·         Gossypol contain cotton seed have anti nutritional factor.
·         Goulden (1939) suggested single seed descent method.
·         Gregg is a male sterile line of cotton.
·         Grid method also known as stratified mass selection developed by Gardner.
·         H4 is a first cotton hybrid variety develop through intervarietal cross.
·         Harlon develop mass pedigree method of breeding.
·         Hawkeye is variety of soybean resistant to Fe chlorosis.
·         Hayes and Garber (1919) developed idea of recurrent selection.
·         Hayes and Garber (1919) suggested synthetic variety of maize.
·         Heat tolerance of crop species usually governed by polygenic control.