Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 42

 

·         Heritable variation present in population for necessary for effective selection.

·         Heteromorphic self incompatibility is related to difference between morphology of stamens and style length.

·         Heteroploid is the condition when individual carrying other than diploid chromosome number.

·         Heterosis is estimated by = mean value of F1 - Mean value of best parent / mean value of best parent X 100.

·         Heterosis means, superiority of F1 over both the parents.

·         Heterothallism appear to be more efficient in generation of variability than homothallism.

·         High concentration of gossypol is associated to resistant to insect and diseases of cotton.

·         High intensity of mass selection reduces population size and increases inbreeding.

·         Hiproly is a barley mutant have high protein and high lysine content.

·         Homomorphic self incompatibility is not related to morphology of sexual parts of flower but pollen show sporophytic or gametophytic control.

·         Hopkins (1908) developed ear to row method of breeding.

·         Horizontal gene mainly govern by polygenes.

·         Hsf gene is resistant to heat stress.

·         Hull (1945) developed recurrent selection of specific combining ability.

·         HUW -12 is a wheat variety.

·         Hybrid and synthetic variety exploit heterosis.

·         Hybrid arhar is produced by generally genetic male sterility (GMS system).

·         Hybrid English, is a variety of wheat having high protein.

·         Hybrid varieties exploit heterosis efficiently.

·         Hybrid variety exploit maximum heterosis.

·         Hybrid vigour is a synonym of heterosis.

·         Hybridization and back cross method is used for transferred cytoplasmic male sterility.

·         ICPH variety of pigeon pea (Arhar) develop from ICRISAT Hyderabad.

·         ICPH8 is a hybrid variety cross between Ms Prabhat and ICP2161.

·         ICPH8, RPH4, CoH2, CoH1 and AKPH4101 are hybrid variety of pigeon pea.

·         Identification of inbred on the basis phenotype with high heritability.

·         Impossible of all favourable gene present in particular variety / line / strain because linkage between the gene.

·         In 1967 six composite varieties of maize Viz, Kisan, Vijay, Amber, Jahawar, Sona And Vikram were released for cultivation.

·         In alkali soil sodium present in high amount.

·         In an apogamy embryo develop from synergids or antipodal cells without fertilization.

·         In an aposory embryo sac develop from vegetative cells of ovule.

·         In an obligate apomixis sexual reproduction does not occur.

·         In apospory embryo develops from vegetative cells of ovule.

·         In asexual reproduction fusion of gametes does not involve.

·         In back cross programme one or few strain are transferred from parents called donor parents or non recurrent parent.

·         In back cross, non-recurrent parent used as female parent.

·         In bulk cross breeding method, variety identical to recurrent parent except for one or two genes.

·         In calcareous soil, Ca competes with Fe.

·         In cereal largest number of variety develop in wheat by mutagen.

·         In clonal crops bud and cuttings are treated for mutation.

·         In cross involving more than two parents called complex cross or convergent cross.

·         In cross pollinated crop any breeding scheme must.

·         In cross pollinated variety pollen dispersal is satisfactory.

·         In cytoplasmic male sterility governed by plasma gene.

·         In dicliny or unisexuality flower having either stamens or pistils.

·         In diploid condition only aneuploid (trisomics) are survive.

·         In diplospory embryo sac develop from megaspore but embryo develop without fertilization.

·         In ear to row method of selection no control of parent.

·         In gametophytic self incompatibility can be eliminated by chromosome doubling.

·         In herkogamy due to physical barrier of stamens and stigma self-pollination is inhibited.

·         In hole plants are treated for mutagens irradiated plants during flowering stage.

·         In homogamy anther and stigma of bisexual flower matured at same time.

·         In homogenous population individual consisting same type of genotype and phenotype.

·         In horizontal resistant rate of reproduction of pathogen is between the 0 and 1.

·         In horizontal resistant reproduction rate of pathogen is more than Zero (0) but less than one (1).

·         In hybrid variety, seed are replaced every year because of inbreeding depression.

·         In hybridization programme generally female parent choose as higher ploidy level.

·         In India first hybrid was develop in maize crop.

·         In India gamma garden is established at Calcutta in 1959.

·         In India Ganga 1, Ganga 101, Ranjeet and Daccan hybrid variety of maize develop in 1961.

·         In jowar emasculation with hot water treatment at 42-48°C temperature for 10 minutes.

·         In M1 generation select the dominant mutation.

·         In maize crop single cross hybrid produced by male and female parent ration is (2:4).

·         In maize male inflorescence is known as tassel.

·         In mass selection progeny test is not essential.

·         In microsporogenesis pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis and produced four haploid microspore.

·         In mutation breeding M2 and M3 generation are produced by either asexual reproduction or self pollination.

·         In natural population generally in breeding depression is assessed.

·         In obligate apomixis sexual reproduction does not occur in apomictic species.

·         In often cross-pollinated crop plants, cross-pollination exceeds 5-30 percent.

·         In pedigree method of selection select in F2 and onward generation and record parent – progeny relation ship.

·         In polygenic trait selection done in M3 generation for good result.

·         In random mating population the gene and genotypes frequencies are unchanged generation after generation.

·         In random mating population, equal chances of mating with each individual.

·         In random mating population, genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to another generation is known as genetic equilibrium.

·         In random mating population, selection can’t be done because of fixation of an allele.

·         In reverse mutation, mutation of mutant allele to normal allele.

·         In three ways cross single cross hybrid between another lines.

·         In transgressive segregation is the result of accumulation of favorable gene in both the parents.

·         In trisomic plants during meiosis chromosome behave irregularly therefore n+1 gamets are found 50%.

·         Inbred and open pollinated or synthetic varieties having narrow and broad genetic bases respectively.

·         Inbred are develop through open – pollinated variety.

·         Inbred develop in self pollinated variety by continuous selfing.

·         Inbred develop through cross pollinated variety by continuous selfing.

·         Inbred line develop through, open pollinated variety by continued selfing.

·         Inbreeding decrease the variation in population.

·         Inbreeding depression means reduction or loss in vigor due to inbreeding.

·         Inbreeding increase homozygosity and decrease heterozygosity.

·         Inbreeding means mating between individual among the ancestors is same.

·         Inbreeding reduces heterozygosity and increases homozygosity.

·         Incompatibility determined by its own genotype, does not depend on plant genotype, called gametophytic self incompatibility.

·         Incompatible reaction according to gene for gene hypothesis is found in obligate parasite.

·         Increase homozygosity result fixation of genes.

·         India was the first country to develop hybrid cotton variety.

·         Individual having more than two sets of single genome is called autopolyploidy.

·         Individual having one or few chromosome more or less than somatic chromosome complement is known aneuploid.

·         Individual having single genome is called monoploid.

·         Individual having three copies of same genome called autotetraploid.

·         Individual lacking single chromosome from disomic chromosome complements is known as monosomic.

·         Induced mutation generally 1 percent is beneficial.

·         Induced mutation is more advantageous than spontaneous mutation.

·         Infrared thermometer measured plant canopy temperature.

·         Intermediate level of genetic diversity is express maximum heterosis.

·         Intervarietal hybridization also called interspecific hybridization.

·         Ionization is primary effect of radiation.

·         IS11167 and P-721 a mutant variety of sorghum have high lysine content.

·         Isogenic line develop easily through back cross method.

·         Isolation of superior pureline from mixture of pure line varieties called pure line selection.

·         Jekpins develop the method of recurrent selection for general combining ability.

·         Jenkins (1935) proposed early testing.

·         Jenkins develop a formula of performance of double cross hybrid from single cross.

·         Jenkins develop synthetic varieties for short term inbreds.

·         Jensen (1970) proposed diallel selective mating design.

·         Jenson (1952) develop a idea of multiline varieties.

·         Johansen give the term genotype and phenotype.

·         Jones (1918) proposed double cross hybrid.

·         Jones and Clark (1943) proposed system of hybrid seed production by male sterility.