Genetics and Plant breeding pointers 41

 

·         Jones was develop first commercial hybrid in maize.

·         Kafir60 has been used for hybrid seed production of Jowar (sorghum).

·         Karpenchenko, 1928 develop Raphanobrassica.

·         Koelreuter (1673) reported hybrid vigour in tobacco.

·         Kranti (Brassica juncea) develop through irradiation to variety Varuna.

·         KRL -4 is wheat variety tolerant to salt.

·         KSMI-3 is multiline variety based on Kalyansona, resistant for leaf rust.

·         KSML abbreviated as Kalyansona Multiline (variety of wheat).

·         Kufari joyti is variety of potato show resistant to late blight of potato disease.

·         Kufri sheetman is resistant to Frost.

·         Lancota is a high yield and high protein variety of wheat.

·         LD₅₀ dose is optimum dose of mutagen.

·         Legume protein efficiency ratio between 50 to 70 percent.

·         Lethal mutation kill each and every mutation that carry in appropriate genotype.

·         Leu, Ile, Lys Met, Thr, Trp, Val, are essential amino acids.

·         Line define as, group of individual having common parents.

·         Line: a group of individuals having common parents.

·         Linkage enhance homozygosity because reduce number of gene are segregating.

·         Linseed and Brassica spp. off season crop may be grown at high hill of Himanchal Pradesh.

·         Linseed variety NP11 and NP12 develop through pureline selection.

·         Local varieties are less yielding but well adopted to local environment.

·         Longquist (1964) proposed modified ear to row method.

·         Losses due to pest and diseases is more in tropical and sub tropical region than temperate region.

·         Lutz was a scientist first polyploidy discovered in called a experimental population of gigas mutant in Oenothera lamarkiana.

·         Lysimeter is used study of salt tolerance in plant.

·         Maintainer line represents B-line, which is used as pollinator for maintenance of cytoplasmic male sterility.

·         Maize composite Agaiti76 has 22 parent lines.

·         Maize is grown two – off season crop at Dholi (Bihar) and Simala (H.P.)

·         Maize is studied crop in respect of heterosis and inbreeding depression.

·         Maize Jowar and Bajara show moderate degree of inbreeding depression.

·         Maize varieties Jaunpuri, T41, and T19 were developed through mass selection.

·         Major part of heterosis is result of over dominance gene effect.

·         Majority of mutation are lethal, sub lethal and sub vital have no importance in crop improvement.

·         Male gametocide is the chemical which induces pollen abortion and male sterility.

·         Male steri line Tift 23A of Bajara was highly susceptible to Downy mildew and Ergot diseases.

·         Male sterile line represents A-line.

·         Male sterile line Tift 23A used in bajara production from USA.

·         Male sterile lines Tift 23A and Tift 23D2A of pearl millet were susceptible to downy mildew.

·         Male sterility and self incompatibility is a genetic means of emasculation.

·         Male sterility governed by nuclear gene called genetic male sterility.

·         Male sterility governed by nuclear gene called genetic male sterility.

·         Malting is a chief quality characteristics of barley.

·         Mango and citrus are example of adventitive embryo.

·         Marshall (1977) suggested clean crop multiline approach and dirty crop multiline approach.

·         Mass selection has effectively improved characters with high open pollinated.

·         Mass selection in cross pollinated crop selected plant allow to open pollinated.

·         Mass selection is based on maternal parent only.

·         Mass selection is used to maintain the purity of pure lines.

·         Maximum heterosis exploit single cross hybrid variety because of their wider genetic bases.

·         Megaspore and microspore produced in cell is called sporogenesis.

·         Meiotic irregularities leads to the formation of n+1 and n-1 gamets.

·         Metaxenia is the effect of pollen grain on the maternal tissue of the fruit.

·         Microgametophyte contain pollen along with pollen tube and three haploid nuclei.

·         Mn toxicity of soybean resistant is governed by polygenes and maternal effect.

·         Mode of reproduction determines the genetic constitution of plants.

·         Mohan is the variety of Rice and tolerant to drought.

·         Monoecious plants having male and female flower on same plants.

·         Monogeneic resistant is less durable than polygenic resistant.

·         Monosomic and trisomic are most commonly used in genetic study.

·         Monosomic plants do not survive in diploid condition.

·         Most clone crop having reduced flowering and seed set.

·         Most clone propagated are perennial.

·         Most cotton hybrids are tetraploid.

·         Most cross pollinated have a high degree of additive component of genetic variance which respond to variance.

·         Most effective mutagenic wavelength of ultraviolet is 2540-2550.

·         Most of breeding efforts has been directed against diseases caused by fungi.

·         Mostly homothallism are common in all groups of fungi.

·         Mostly hybridization is intervarietal hybridization in crop improvement programme.

·         Mostly plants more sensitive to salinity during germination than later growth stages.

·         Mostly somatic mutation produce chimera.

·         Mostly vegetative propagated crop is cross pollinated.

·         Mullar first reported mutagenic action of X-rays on Drosophilla.

·         Muller (1927) reported mutagenic action of X rays.

·         Mung variety T1 was developed through pure line selection from old local variety.

·         Mutation are generally harmful to organism.

·         Mutation are recurrent.

·         Mutation breeding supplement only conventional breeding.

·         Mutation is sudden and heritable change in population or individual varieties.

·         Mutation is the major source of all the variation present in biological material.

·         Mutation occur in mt DNA or Cp DNA called plasma gene mutation.

·         Mutation occur in somatic bud called bud mutation.

·         Mutation occur in somatic cell called somatic mutation.

·         Mutation occur in somatic tissue called somatic mutation.

·         Mutation occur without any treatment is known as spontaneous mutation.

·         Mutation of normal allele to mutant allele is known as forward mutation.

·         Mutation produced by chromosome structure and number is known as chromosomal mutation.

·         Mutation producing large phenotypic effect called macromutation.

·         Mutation term was given by Hugo de Vries (1901).

·         Mutation which create small phenotypic effect called micromutation.

·         Mutation, mechanical mixture and chromosomal aberrations generally create variation in pure line variety.

·         n number of different gene produced in F2 then

·         n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)/8 is a formula of, if n inbreds present in cross how many double cross is possible.

·         n(n-1)(n-2)/2 formula possible three way cross together, if number of inbreds are present in cross.

·         n(n-1)/2 possible single cross. If n inbred lines will be present in cross.

·         Narabati Sonora is a wheat variety gamma rays induced mutants from the cultivar Sonora-64.

·         Natural population of self-pollinated crops are mixture of pure line.

·         Natural selection play an important role in initial stage of crop improvement.

·         Nepal is a variety of wheat.

·         Neutron is a example of non ionizing radiation.

·         Neutrons is a particulate radiation generally used in mutation breeding.

·         Nicotiana digluta is first synthetic allopolyploid.

·         Nilsson Ehle used first time bulk method of breeding.

·         Nitrogen mustard is a chemical having mutagenic character identified by Auerbach and Robson.

·         Nitrous oxide, 8-hydroxyquinoline, having a character of chromosome doubling.

·         Non biological factor restrict the potential growth and development of plant is known as abiotic factor.

·         Notch-1 and Notch-2 are a mutant of barley.

·         Now a days hybridization is most common method of crop improvement.

·         Nullisomic cross with normal disomic the progeny from called obtain such cross will be monosomic.

·         Objectives of bulk, pedigree, and back cross is to develop pure line variety.

·         Oligogenic resistant is synonymous to vertical resistant.

·         One year is required for selection of ear to row method.

·         Only a few seeds are necessary in each back cross generation for transfer of character governed by single gene.

·         Only dominant gene would express in somatic tissue.

·         Only vital mutation is useful in crop improvement programme.

·         Opaque-2 and opaque-7 a mutant gene of maize for nutritional mutants. (specially enzyme).

·         Opaque-2 is mutant of maize for lysine and tryptophane.

·         Opaque-2 is mutant variety.

·         OSM gene was isolated from E. coli.

·         Out breeding / out crossing means mating among unrelated individuals.

·         Palmer (1953) suggested population approach to improvement to self pollinated crop.

·         Parents of raphnobrassica are Raphanus sativus and Brassica oleracea.

·         Parrbhani kranti variety of Okra resistant for yellow vein mosaic cross between A. esculantus (Pusa sawani) and A. manihot.