• First Product of C4 Pathway: Oxaloacetic acid (OAA).
  • First Step in Water Absorption: Imbibition.
  • Hand Pollination Useful In: Date palm.
  • First Use of ‘Biochemistry’ Term: Neuberg (1903).
  • Start of Five Year Plans in India: 1951.
  • Fixed Cost + Variable Cost: Total Cost.
  • Fixed Cost: Also known as Overhead Cost.
  • Symptoms of Root Wilt: Flaccidity and yellowing of older leaves.
  • Flacherie Disease Affects: Silkworm.
  • Common Sugarcane Planting Method in North India: Flat bed method.
  • Order of Flies: Diptera.
  • Flies’ Wings: One pair of active wings.
  • Final Product of Glycolysis: Pyruvate.
  • Fire Curing in Tobacco: For bidi, snuff, chewing, and hookah tobacco.
  • First Agriculture University in India (SAU): G.B. Pant AU, established on 17 Nov 1960, Uttarakhand.
  • First Biologically Controlled Weed: Lantana camara.
  • First Chairman of Planning Commission: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • First Commercial Bio-herbicide: Collego, Biomal, and Devine.
  • First Cultivated Crop in the World: Wheat.
  • First Cutting in Berseem: 50-55 days after sowing.
  • First Herbicide Discovered: 2,4-D.
  • First Protective Insecticide: DDT.
  • Trimming in Plants: Generally done in rose and marigold.
  • First Entry of Water in Soil: Known as Infiltration.
  • First Intervarietal Cross Variety of Rice: Jaya.
  • First Laureate of World Food Prize: Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.
  • Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle: Caused by a virus.
  • Foot Rot in Pepper: Caused by Phytophthora (fungus).
  • Flash Card Size for 10-25 People: 10”x12” (25 cm x 30 cm).
  • Correction of Iron Chlorosis in Rice: 1% solution of ferrous sulfate spray.
  • Soil pH Estimation: Approximately 10 grams of processed soil used.
  • Seed Germination Requires: External water supply.
  • Ideal Fruit Stage for Jelly Making: Firm ripe stage.
  • Weirs for Measuring Water Flow: Rectangular and trapezoidal weirs.
  • Mother Palm Selection in Coconut: Husked nut should weigh at least 600 grams
  • Rickets is a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol). It leads to weakened bones and skeletal deformities in children due to impaired calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
  • Sterility can be associated with a deficiency of vitamin E (specifically alpha-tocopherol). Vitamin E is important for reproductive health, and its deficiency can lead to issues in fertility.
  • Beri Beri is caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). It affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems and can lead to symptoms such as weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems.
  • A nucleotide is formed when a nucleoside (which consists of a nitrogenous base and a sugar) is bonded to a phosphate group. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
  • Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, and they typically contain single-stranded DNA or double-stranded DNA. They play a significant role in genetics and molecular biology.
  • The most abundant form of RNA in cells is ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which constitutes about 80% of the total RNA. rRNA is a key component of ribosomes, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis.
  • The term cell was first used by Robert Hooke, who observed cork tissue under a microscope in 1665 and described the small compartments as "cells."
  • The term nucleus was introduced by Robert Brown in 1831 when he observed a distinct structure within plant cells. The nucleus is essential for containing genetic material.
  • Cell theory was formulated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, stating that all living organisms are composed of cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life.
  • Azotobacter is a genus of free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in soil. They play a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
  • Stem and root nodules are found in Sesbania rostrata, a leguminous plant known for its ability to fix nitrogen. These nodules contain symbiotic bacteria that aid in nitrogen fixation.
  • Crossing over occurs during the pachytene stage of meiosis. This is when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation in gametes.
  • The rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) is considered monophagous because it primarily feeds on rice plants, making it specialized in its host choice.
  • Trichogramma is an egg parasitoid, meaning it lays its eggs inside the eggs of other insects. It is widely used in biological control programs to manage pest populations, particularly in agriculture.
  • Silver shoot or onion leaf symptoms are caused by the gall midge, which infests rice and other plants. The larvae induce abnormal growth, leading to distorted plant parts.
  • The vector of Rice tungro disease is the green leaf hopper (Nephotettix spp.). This insect transmits the virus that causes the disease, affecting rice crop yields.
  • The vector responsible for Grassy stunt disease in rice is the brown plant hopper (Nilaparvata spp.). This insect not only spreads the disease but also causes direct damage to rice plants.
  • Chaffy grains with black spots in rice are a result of feeding by the gundhi bug (Leptocoris spp.). Their feeding behavior can lead to quality degradation of the grains.
  • The family of the gundhi bug is Alydidae. This family consists of true bugs, which are known for their piercing and sucking mouthparts.
  • The gundhi bug causes damage during the milking stage of rice. This is a critical period when the grains are filling, making them susceptible to the pest's feeding.
  • Ufra disease of rice is caused by the rice hispa (Ditylenchus angustus), which is a nematode. This disease can lead to significant yield losses if not managed properly.
  • White grub is a type of beetle that is classified as polyphagous, meaning it feeds on a wide variety of plants. They are larvae of scarab beetles and are known for damaging roots, leading to poor plant growth.
  • The serious pests of wheat include the white grub and termite. Both pests can cause significant damage to wheat crops, affecting yield and quality.
  • The ear cockle nematode is scientifically known as Anguina tritici. This nematode infects wheat and causes the formation of galls, leading to reduced grain quality.
  • Tundu or yellow ear rot disease is caused by a combination of Anguina tritici and Corynebacterium tritici. This disease affects the ears of wheat, resulting in severe yield losses.
  • The control of tundu disease is achieved by hot water treatment at 50°C for 2 hours. This method helps eliminate the nematodes and bacteria responsible for the disease.
  • The wheat stem borer (Sesamia inferens) is primarily active at night, when it lays eggs and feeds on the plant, leading to significant damage.
  • The yellow stem borer in rice is known as Scirpophaga incertulas. It is a major pest affecting rice crops by boring into the stem.
  • The highest consumption of pesticides occurs in cotton, accounting for 54% of the total pesticide use in agriculture. This high level is due to the numerous pests that target cotton plants.
  • Hooper burn in cotton is caused by the leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula), which feeds on the plant sap and can lead to wilting and burning of leaves.
  • The family of the cotton whitefly is Aleyrodidae. These insects are known to transmit various plant viruses and cause damage by feeding on the plant's sap.
  • The vector for cotton leaf curl virus is the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), which transmits the virus from infected to healthy plants, leading to severe crop loss.
  • Glaring of squares in cotton is due to the damage caused by the spotted bollworm (Earias vitella), which feeds on the flower buds and can reduce fruit set.
  • Rosetting of flowers in cotton is caused by the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), which affects flower development and reduces yield.
  • Double seed formation in cotton is also attributed to the pink bollworm. This pest's feeding behavior disrupts normal seed development.
  • Large circular bore holes with fecal pellets indicate damage from the American bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), a significant pest in cotton that creates holes in the bolls while feeding.
  • Dysdercus cingulatus is commonly known as the red cotton bug. It feeds on the bolls of cotton and can cause significant damage.
  • Bt formulations are used to target the early instars of bollworms. These formulations contain genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that produce toxins lethal to specific insect larvae.
  • Helicoverpa and Agrotis ypsilon are serious pests of chickpea, causing damage through feeding on the leaves and pods.
  • Greasy cutworm is active at night and causes damage to young plants by cutting them at the base, leading to plant loss.
  • The scientific name of the sugarcane shoot borer is Chilo infuscatellus. This pest bores into the shoots of sugarcane, causing stunted growth.
  • The bunchy top appearance in sugarcane is caused by the top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis), which disrupts normal growth patterns.
  • The family of the top borer is Pyralidae. This family consists of moths whose larvae are known for feeding on various crops, including sugarcane.
  • The family of shoot borer is Crambidae. This family includes various moths whose larvae are known to bore into the stems of plants, causing significant damage.
  • Pyrilla perpusilla, belonging to the family Lophopidae, is a type of leafhopper. It is known for feeding on the sap of plants, particularly in sugarcane and other crops, leading to damage and reduced yields.
  • The biological control of borers is often achieved using the parasitic wasp Trichogramma japonicum, which is effective against various lepidopteran pests, including shoot borers.
  • The Destructive Insect Pest (DIP) Act was passed in the year 1914 in India to regulate the control and management of destructive insect pests.
  • The Insecticide Act was passed in 1968 to regulate the manufacture, sale, and use of insecticides, ensuring their safe application in agriculture.
  • A regular pest is defined as a pest that occurs most frequently on cultivated crops, causing consistent damage and requiring ongoing management.
  • A sporadic pest is one that occurs in a few isolated localities and does not have a consistent presence across a wide area.
  • An endemic pest is one that occurs in the same area year after year, showing a stable population that can lead to persistent problems for farmers.
  • An epidemic pest is one that occurs in an area in a severe form, leading to significant outbreaks and widespread damage in crops.
  • The Central Plant Protection Training Institute is located in Hyderabad. It serves as a training center for plant protection and pest management.
  • The safest insecticide for honeybees is considered to be endosulfan, although its use is heavily regulated due to environmental and health concerns. 
  • Pest populations should be kept below the economic threshold level. This is the population density at which the cost of pest damage exceeds the cost of control measures.
  • A serious pest of rice is the yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), which can cause significant yield losses by boring into the stems.
  • The sequence of coating seeds with fungicide, insecticide, and Rhizobium is as follows: Fungicide + Insecticide + Rhizobium. This sequence helps protect seeds from fungal infections and insect damage while promoting healthy nodulation with Rhizobium bacteria.