Narrow sense heritability refers to the ratio between:
A) Genotypic variance and phenotypic variance
B) Additive variance and phenotypic variance
C) Treatment variance and error variance
D) Standard deviation and mean
Use of combining ability as a measure of gene action was first suggested by:
A) Wright
B) Sprague and Tatum
C) Griffing
D) Hayman
General combining ability includes:
A) Additive variance
B) Additive x additive epistasis
C) Dominance variance
D) A and B above
Specific combining ability includes:
A) Dominance variance
B) Additive x dominance epistasis
C) Dominance x dominance
D) All of the above
Specific combining ability is estimated from:
A) Half sib crosses
B) Full sib crosses
C) A and B above
D) None of the above
The ratio of additive variance to phenotypic variance is referred to as:
A) Broad sense heritability
B) Narrow sense heritability
C) Coheritability
D) Combining ability
The difference between mean phenotypic values of the progeny of selected plants and original population is referred to as:
A) Genetic advance
B) Genetic gain
C) Selection differential
D) None of the above
What does the term "karyotype" refer to?
A) The process of copying chromosomes
B) The complete set of chromosomes in an organism
C) A specific type of gene
D) The study of inheritance patterns
What is the typical chromosome number in a human gamete?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 92
D) 44
What is a homologous chromosome pair?
A) Two chromosomes that have the same structure and carry the same types of genes
B) Chromosomes from different organisms
C) Two copies of a gene located on the same chromosome
D) Two chromosomes with different numbers of genes
What is the function of the centrioles during cell division?
A) They help organize the spindle fibers
B) They replicate the DNA
C) They hold the chromatids together
D) They form the nuclear membrane
Which of the following is true about the Y chromosome in humans?
A) It contains genes responsible for female traits
B) It contains genes that determine male sex characteristics
C) It is present only in females
D) It does not carry any genetic information
What is the term for the process by which chromosomes are randomly shuffled during meiosis?
A) DNA replication
B) Crossing over
C) Independent assortment
D) Chromosome segregation
Which of the following best describes a chromatid?
A) A pair of homologous chromosomes
B) A single strand of a duplicated chromosome
C) A chromosome with two centromeres
D) A type of RNA
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible under a microscope?
A) Telophase
B) Prophase
C) Anaphase
D) Metaphase
What is the term for a mutation that involves the insertion of an extra base pair into the DNA sequence?
A) Deletion
B) Insertion
C) Substitution
D) Translocation
What is Down syndrome caused by?
A) An extra chromosome 18
B) An extra chromosome 21
C) A missing X chromosome
D) A missing Y chromosome
How are chromosomes arranged in a karyotype?
A) By their shape
B) By their size and banding pattern
C) By their function
D) By their genetic material
What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?
A) Haploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; diploid cells have one set
B) Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes; haploid cells have one set
C) Haploid cells are found in somatic cells; diploid cells are in gametes
D) There is no difference
What is a chromosomal translocation?
A) A chromosome segment is moved to a different chromosome
B) A chromosome is duplicated
C) A segment of a chromosome is deleted
D) A chromosome is broken and lost
What occurs during prophase of mitosis?
A) Chromosomes condense and become visible
B) Chromosomes are duplicated
C) The nuclear membrane reforms
D) Chromatids are pulled apart
What is the structure of a prokaryotic chromosome?
A) Linear
B) Circular
C) In a nucleus
D) Made of protein

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