What is a chromosome?
A) A protein molecule in the nucleus
B) A type of RNA used in protein synthesis
C) A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information
D) A liquid that surrounds the nucleus
Explanation: Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins, and they carry the genetic material that determines the traits of an organism.
How many chromosomes do humans typically have in each somatic cell?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 92
D) 22
Explanation: Humans have 46 chromosomes in total (23 pairs) in somatic cells.
What is the term for the paired chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism in humans?
A) Autosomes
B) X and Y chromosomes
C) Gametes
D) Homologous chromosomes
Explanation: The X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes in humans. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.
What is the primary function of chromosomes during cell division?
A) To carry out photosynthesis
B) To replicate the cell’s organelles
C) To ensure genetic material is equally divided into daughter cells
D) To produce energy for the cell
Explanation: Chromosomes ensure that genetic material is accurately distributed to daughter cells during cell division.
Which stage of cell division involves the alignment of chromosomes at the equator of the cell?
A) Prophase
B) Anaphase
C) Metaphase
D) Telophase
Explanation: During metaphase, chromosomes line up at the cell's equator before being separated into two daughter cells.
What is a gene?
A) A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
B) A protein that carries oxygen in the blood
C) A type of RNA
D) A chromosome pair
Explanation: A gene is a segment of DNA that provides instructions for making proteins, which determine an organism's traits.
Which structure is responsible for holding sister chromatids together during cell division?
A) Centromere
B) Telomere
C) Centriole
D) Spindle fiber
Explanation: The centromere holds the two sister chromatids together during cell division until they are separated.
What is the function of telomeres in chromosomes?
A) To code for proteins
B) To protect the ends of chromosomes from damage
C) To carry genetic information
D) To replicate DNA
Explanation: Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation and loss of genetic information during cell division.
What is the result of non-disjunction during meiosis?
A) A cell with the correct number of chromosomes
B) An abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
C) The formation of two identical cells
D) The formation of four gametes with a single chromosome
Explanation: Non-disjunction results in one daughter cell with too many chromosomes and another with too few chromosomes.
Which of the following is true about autosomes?
A) They determine the sex of an individual
B) They are the same in both males and females
C) They carry only genetic information related to traits
D) They are found only in male organisms
Explanation: Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes that are found in both males and females and carry genes unrelated to sex determination.

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