What is a chromosome made of?
A) DNA and protein
B) RNA and lipid
C) Protein only
D) Lipid and carbohydrate
Explanation: Chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins, which help package and organize the DNA.
How many chromosomes are typically found in a human somatic cell?
A) 46
B) 23
C) 22
D) 24
Explanation: Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs.
Which chromosomes determine the sex of an individual?
A) Sex chromosomes
B) Autosomes
C) Chromatids
D) Mitochondrial chromosomes
Explanation: Sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine the sex of an individual, with females having XX and males having XY.
What structure holds the two sister chromatids together?
A) Centromere
B) Telomere
C) Centrosome
D) Ribosome
Explanation: The centromere is the structure that holds the two sister chromatids together until they separate during cell division.
What are telomeres?
A) Protective caps on chromosome ends
B) Genes for cell repair
C) Genes for cell growth
D) Sites for spindle attachment
Explanation: Telomeres are protective structures at the ends of chromosomes, helping to prevent DNA damage during replication.
How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?
A) 22
B) 23
C) 24
D) 46
Explanation: Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.
What is a karyotype?
A) A visual profile of all chromosomes in a cell
B) A type of gene mutation
C) An organelle in the nucleus
D) A stage in cell division
Explanation: A karyotype is an image that shows the complete set of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.
During which phase of cell division do chromosomes line up in the center of the cell?
A) Metaphase
B) Prophase
C) Anaphase
D) Telophase
Explanation: During metaphase, chromosomes align along the metaphase plate in preparation for separation.
What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?
A) Sister chromatids separate
B) Chromosomes condense
C) Nuclear membrane dissolves
D) Chromosomes decondense
Explanation: In anaphase, sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
What is the function of the centrioles during cell division?
A) Organize the spindle fibers
B) Duplicate chromosomes
C) Form the nuclear membrane
D) Produce energy
Explanation: Centrioles help organize spindle fibers that are crucial for chromosome movement during cell division.

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