What is the basic unit of heredity in living organisms?
A) Chromosome
B) Gene
C) DNA
D) Protein
Explanation: A gene is the basic unit of heredity and carries the information needed to produce proteins that determine traits.
Which of the following is the structure that carries genetic information in cells?
A) Ribosome
B) Mitochondria
C) Nucleus
D) Chromosome
Explanation: Chromosomes are structures in the cell nucleus that carry genetic information in the form of DNA.
What is the term for the different forms of a gene?
A) Alleles
B) Codons
C) Nucleotides
D) Phenotypes
Explanation: Alleles are different versions or forms of a gene that can produce variations in traits.
Which molecule is responsible for carrying the genetic code from the DNA to the ribosomes?
A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rRNA
D) DNA
Explanation: mRNA (messenger RNA) carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.
In a dihybrid cross, how many possible phenotypic outcomes are there?
A) 4
B) 2
C) 6
D) 8
Explanation: In a dihybrid cross, where two traits are considered, there are typically four possible phenotypic combinations.
Which of the following best describes a dominant allele?
A) It can mask the expression of a recessive allele.
B) It is always expressed as a phenotype.
C) It is always inherited from both parents.
D) It is found only on the X chromosome.
Explanation: A dominant allele can mask the expression of a recessive allele in a heterozygous individual.
What is the term for an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait?
A) Heterozygous
B) Homozygous
C) Genotype
D) Phenotype
Explanation: Homozygous organisms have two identical alleles for a specific gene, either both dominant or both recessive.
What process is responsible for creating genetic diversity during sexual reproduction?
A) Binary fission
B) Meiosis
C) Mitosis
D) Transcription
Explanation: Meiosis is the process that reduces chromosome number by half and results in genetic diversity among offspring.
What is the probability of producing a homozygous recessive offspring from two heterozygous parents?
A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 100%
Explanation: The probability is 25% because there is a 1 in 4 chance (based on a Punnett square) that the offspring will inherit two recessive alleles.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the central dogma of molecular biology?
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Mutation
Explanation: The central dogma involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein), while mutation is a change in the DNA sequence.

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