• Cause of Fruit Cracking in Tomato: B (Boron) deficiency.
  • Successful Drip Irrigation Crop: Grapes.
  • Forage Forestry (Silvopasture): Combination of forage trees + pasture.
  • Forage Yield:Berseem: 800 - 1000 qt/ha, Oat: 500 - 600 qt/ha.
  • Beetles’ Fore Wings: Called Elytra.
  • Weather Forecast for Cropping Pattern Planning: Long-range weather forecast.
  • Forest Conservation Act Enacted: 1980.
  • Forest School in India: Located at Dehradun.
  • Most Common Forest Type in India: Tropical moist deciduous forest.
  • Social Forestry: Forestry outside conventional forests to benefit people.
  • Bonsai Styles: Formal upright, cascade, semi-cascade.
  • Fortin’s Barometer: Measures atmospheric pressure.
  • Fungal Body Composition: Mycelia.
  • Bio-Herbicides of Fungal Origin: Called Myco-herbicides.
  • Fungal Pollu in Pepper Controlled By: Carbendazim + 0.1% Mancozeb.
  • Fungi Active at Lower pH: Due to their facultative lifestyle.
  • Fungicidal Properties of Bordeaux Mixture: Identified by Millardet.
  • Fungus Controlling Rhinoceros Grub: Green Muscardine Fungus.
  • Furadan: Trade name for Carbofuran.
  • Cause of Fusarium Wilt: Fusarium moniliforme.
  • G-777: Indian cotton variety.
  • "Gajraj": Hybrid variety of Napier grass.
  • GALASA: Group Approach for Locally Adopted & Sustainable Agriculture.
  • Galleria Mellonella (Great Wax Moth): Feeds on wax and wax products.
  • Gamba Grass (Sadabahar): Known for its perennial growth.
  • Control of Fruit Drop in Mango: 2, 4-D.
  • Groundnut Fruit: Called a nut.
  • Okra Fruit: Known as a capsule.
  • Safflower Fruit: Called an achene.
  • Agri-Horticulture: Combination of fruit trees + crops.
  • Horti-Apiculture: Combination of fruit trees + honeybees.
  • Cucumber Fruit Type: Pepo.
  • Non-Climacteric Fruits: Show a simple decline in respiration rate during ripening.
  • Climacteric Fruits: Show a sudden increase in respiration rate at ripening.
  • Fuel Wood Tree: Albizia lebbeck.
  • Fumigants Available As: Solids and liquids.
  • Common Fumigant for Burrows: Aluminum phosphide.
  • Dual-Function Compounds (Insecticide and Nematicide): Phorate and Aldicarb.
  • Total food grain production in 2011–12 was 220 m.t.
  • The Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) was launched in 1986.
  • Cashew is the major crop contributing to India’s export.
  • India ranks 1st in milk production globally.
  • Mango occupies the maximum area in production among fruits.
  • 'Amrapali' is a cross between 'Dashehari' and 'Neelum.'
  • 'Mallika' is a hybrid of 'Neelum' and 'Dashehari.'
  • GDP growth during 2012–13 was 4.4%.
  • Total oilseed production during 2012–13 was 270 lakh tonnes.
  • Rapeseed and mustard had the highest production among oilseeds in 2012–13.
  • 'Puddling' is the major operation in rice cultivation.
  • The major source of nitrogen in rice is ammonia.
  • Methane (CH4) is the gas evolved from submerged rice fields.
  • The 'Dee-geo-woogen' gene is responsible for dwarfness in rice.
  • Most cultivated rice varieties belong to the Indica group.
  • 'Tellahamsa' is a cold-resistant rice variety.
  • West Bengal ranks 1st in area and production of rice.
  • Ideal plant types are known as ideotypes.
  • New plant types were first developed in wheat.
  • 'Pusa-10' is a scented rice hybrid variety.
  • 'Bora' rice planting is done during November-December.
  • The dapog method was first adopted in the Philippines.
  • The seed rate in a dapog nursery is generally 30-40 kg/ha.
  • Cowpea is the most drought-tolerant pulse crop.
  • Sorghum is the most drought-tolerant cereal crop.
  • 'Shakthi' is a high-lysine maize variety.
  • 'Opaque-2' is a maize variety with high starch content.
  • Cropping intensity is not related to intercropping.
  • Phalaris minor mimics wheat.
  • 'Sonalika' is a single dwarf gene wheat variety.
  • Aquatic algae dominate the world’s ecosystems.
  • Gossypium hirsutum is the predominant cotton cultivar.
  • Indian cotton is Gossypium arboreum.
  • A cotton bale weighs around 170 kg.
  • Groundnut occupies the maximum area among oilseeds.
  • The brown revolution relates to pulses.
  • Ragi has the least water requirement.
  • Rice has low water-use efficiency.
  • Cotton and mustard are transformed with Bt genes.
  • Niacin in rice is found in groundnut.
  • Vitamin C is susceptible to loss during cooking.
  • Linkage can be broken, but pleiotropism cannot.
  • The optimum soil aggregate size is 1 to 5 mm in diameter.
  • Tobacco has the smallest seed size.
  • Cucurbits have the largest seed size.
  • Cowpea serves as both a fodder and a pulse crop.
  • Sulfur is mostly deficient in acid and alkaline soils.
  • Drip irrigation was first adopted in Israel.
  • All given options have single-stranded DNA.
  • Double-stranded RNA is found in all given options.
  • India’s share in global milk production is 14%.
  • India ranks 2nd in the world in vegetable production.
  • Land availability per person in India decreased to 0.15 ha by 2001.
  • Urea is the most widely used nitrogen fertilizer, contributing 80% of N.
  • India ranks 1st globally in the production of mangoes, potatoes, and milk.
  • The transgenic 'Flavr-Savr' tomato with extended shelf life was produced in 1984.
  • Wheat is the 2nd most important cereal crop after rice.
  • Black pepper is India’s top dollar-earning crop, contributing 28% of exports.
  • India ranks 3rd in global rubber production.
  • Natural rubber is obtained from Hevea brasiliensis.
  • Coconut ranks 3rd in terms of area and production.
  • All options (khandasari, jaggery, white sugar) are sweeteners.
  • India is the 2nd largest producer of tobacco.
  • Total fish production in India during 2001-02 was 6.13 million tonnes.
  • India ranks 2nd globally in egg production.
  • Citrus grandis is the only citrus variety not polyembryonic.
  • The economic part of sweet potato is the root tuber.
  • 'Ratna' is a mango variety resistant to spongy tissue.
  • 'Alfanso' is a mango variety free from malformation.
  • Mango is primarily propagated by air layering and veneer grafting.
  • The origin of mango is Indo-Burma.
  • Amritodus atkinsoni is a major pest affecting mango.
  • Ethylene acts as the flowering hormone in pineapple.
  • Sorghum is the least salt-tolerant crop.
  • 'Diancha' helps in reclaiming alkali soils.
  • Seedless watermelons are mostly triploids.
  • Carbohydrates in plants are mostly translocated as sucrose.
  • The chisel plough is used for subsoil.
  • 'Amrapali' mango variety is suitable for high-density planting.
  • Homogeneous genetic populations are called biotypes and physiological races.
  • Diara cultivation is commonly followed for cucumber.
  • India’s total geographical area is 328 million hectares.
  • Sun hemp is the most common green manure crop.
  • The ICGEB is located in New Delhi and Trieste, Italy.
  • WALAMTARI is located in Hyderabad.
  • The NBPGR is located in New Delhi.
  • CIMMYT is located in Mexico.
  •  The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) is situated in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • The International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is located in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
  • The International Day of Biodiversity is observed on May 22.
  • The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was established in 1924.
  • The inter-racial hybridization program between japonicas and indicas was initiated during 1950-54, signifying rice.
  • Interspecific varieties of cotton include Varalaxmi, DCH-32 (hybrid), HB-224, and DHB-105.
  • Interveinal chlorosis occurs due to magnesium and iron deficiency.
  • Interveinal chlorosis in rubber is due to magnesium deficiency.
  • The total number of KVKs in India up to 2017 was 695.
  • Intraspecific varieties of cotton include H-4, 6, Savita, Surya (hybrid), and JKHY-1.
  • The Portuguese introduced cashew to India.
  • Betel vine, cocoa, tea, coffee, tobacco, and arecanut are all beverage crops.
  • Baculovirus is a bio-control agent against adult rhinoceros beetles.
  • Metarrhizium anisopliae is a bio-control agent against the grubs of rhinoceros beetles.
  • Trichoderma spp. and fluorescent pseudomonas are bio-control agents effective against many diseases in spices.
  • The Mexican gall fly is a bio-control agent used against Eupatorium.
  • Kairali, Kanchana, and Swarnaprabha are blast-resistant varieties of rice.
  • Tobacco decoction and neem oil are examples of botanical insecticides.
  • Jyothi, Bharathi, Kanakam, Pavizham, and Nila are BPH resistant varieties of rice.
  • Malabari, Jamunapari, and Angora are breeds of goats.
  • Farm yard manure, compost, and green manure are types of bulky organic manure.
  • H-97 is a cassava mosaic tolerant variety of tapioca.
  • Major irrigation projects cover more than 10,000 hectares of catchment command area (CCA).
  • Medium irrigation projects cover 2,000 to 10,000 hectares of CCA.
  • The irritation of the eye due to cutting onions is caused by syn-propanethial-S-oxide.
  • The recently banned pesticide is endosulfan (2013).
  • The Moncompu Pot Trap is an effective mechanical trap to control Norway rats damaging paddy crops.
  • Aureofungin and griseofulvin are antifungal antibiotics.
  • Azospirillum is an associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
  • Asha, Makam, Kanakam, and Jaya are bacterial blight resistant varieties of rice.
  • Neelima is a bacterial wilt resistant F1 hybrid variety of brinjal.
  • Sakthi and Mukthi are bacterial wilt resistant varieties of tomato.
  • Boldles Altafort is a banana variety recommended for high range regions.
  • The unit of absolute humidity is g/m³.
  • Light traps are a direct method of assessment of pests.
  • Udbatta disease is a disease affecting rice crops in high ranges of India.
  • Root wilt is a disease caused by phytoplasma in coconut.
  • Rice yellow dwarf is a disease caused by phytoplasma in rice.
  • The unit of specific humidity is g/kg.
  • False smut and Udbatta are diseases of rice affecting the grains.
  • An endemic disease is one that has a constant presence in a locality.
  • House rats, house mice, and large bandicoot rats are domestic rats.
  • Hallikar, Amritmahal, and Nagore are draft breeds of cattle.
  • The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is approximately 0.03% (or about 300 parts per million). This concentration plays a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis.
  • The light reaction (or hill reaction) takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts. This stage converts light energy into chemical energy, producing ATP and NADPH.
  • The dark reaction (or Calvin cycle) occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. In this stage, ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert CO2 into glucose.
  • The C3 pathway is found in plants such as rice, wheat, pea, and soybean. These plants fix carbon dioxide directly through the Calvin cycle.
  • The C4 pathway (also known as the Hatch-Slack pathway) is found in plants like sorghum, maize, and sugarcane. This pathway allows these plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide in conditions of high light intensity and temperature.
  • The CAM pathway is found in plants such as pineapple, Opuntia (cacti), agave, and other succulents. These plants fix carbon dioxide at night to minimize water loss.
  • The most abundant protein in the world is Rubisco (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase). It plays a key role in carbon fixation during photosynthesis.
  • The first enzyme involved in CO2 fixation in C3 plants is Rubisco. It catalyzes the reaction between CO2 and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
  • The first enzyme in CO2 fixation in C4 plants is PEP carboxylase. This enzyme has a higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco, allowing C4 plants to efficiently fix carbon.
  • The highest water use efficiency is seen in plants in the order: CAM > C4 > C3. CAM plants have adapted to conserve water by fixing CO2 at night.
  • Kranz type leaf anatomy is characteristic of C4 plants. This anatomy allows for the separation of initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle, enhancing efficiency in CO2 fixation.
  • Both the Calvin cycle and the Hatch-Slack pathway occur in the chloroplast organelle. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • The photosynthetic rate is highest in C4 plants, which have adaptations that allow them to thrive in high light and temperature conditions.
  • The harvest index in cereals typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.5. The harvest index is the ratio of grain yield to total biomass produced by the plant.
  • The harvest index in pulses generally ranges from 0.2 to 0.3. Pulses tend to have a lower harvest index due to their growth habit and biomass allocation.
  • The first product of photosynthesis in C3 plants is 3-PGA (3-phosphoglycerate), which is formed when CO2 is fixed by Rubisco in the Calvin cycle.
  • Lactose is a disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose. It is found in milk and dairy products.
  • Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage and is found only in animal cells. It is primarily stored in the liver and muscle tissues.
  • Pectin is a polysaccharide that is commonly found in the cell walls of plants. It is often used as a gelling agent in food production.
  • The term protein was suggested by Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in the early 19th century.
  • Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids that combine in various sequences to form proteins.
  • Collagen is a structural protein found in muscle, skin, tendons, and connective tissues. It provides strength and elasticity.
  • Keratin is a fibrous structural protein found in hair, wool, and nails. It provides protection and structural support.
  • Fibroin is a protein that makes up the silk produced by silkworms and some spiders. It is known for its strength and elasticity.
  • Elastin is a protein that is found in various tissues, providing elasticity. It is especially abundant in insect wings and connective tissues.
  • Regulatory proteins include enzymes, which catalyze biochemical reactions and help regulate metabolic processes in living organisms.
  • Transport proteins include myoglobin and hemoglobin, which are responsible for the transport of oxygen in muscle tissues and blood, respectively.
  • The first enzyme to be discovered was initially found in yeast, which is used in fermentation processes.
  • Enzymatic activity was first discovered by Eduard Buchner, who demonstrated that yeast extracts could ferment sugars to produce alcohol.
  • The term enzyme was coined by William K. Brooks, though W. Küntz is also credited in some contexts.
  • The Lock and Key model of enzyme activity was proposed by Emil Fischer. This model describes how enzymes and substrates fit together perfectly.
  • The term vitamin was introduced by Casimir Funk in the early 20th century, referring to organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition.
  • Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex vitamins (such as B1, B2, B3, B6, B12) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid). These vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.
  • Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamin A, D, E, and K. These vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues and liver.
  • Xerophthalmia and night blindness are caused by a deficiency of vitamin A (retinal). Vitamin A is crucial for maintaining healthy vision.
  • Ariboflavinosis, characterized by cracks and sores on the skin, is due to a deficiency of vitamin B2 (riboflavin).
  • Anemia can result from a deficiency of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), which is important for red blood cell formation.
  • Pellagra, also known as black tongue, is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B6 (niacin). It can lead to symptoms such as dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
  • Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), leading to symptoms such as bleeding gums, fatigue, and weakness.