- The herbicides applied 30-40 days after sowing (DAS) are classified as Post-emergence herbicides.
- Heterotrophs that feed on both plants and meats are called Omnivores.
- Heterotrophs that feed on meats and are classified as secondary consumers are called Carnivores.
- Heterotrophs that feed on plants and are classified as primary consumers are called Herbivores.
- The high boiling point and high heat of vaporization of water are due to Hydrogen bonding.
- The highest banana-producing state in India is Tamil Nadu.
- The highest brinjal and cabbage producing state in India is West Bengal (WB).
- The student t-test was given by W.S. Gosset in 1905, and the sample size is < 30.
- The blood of grasshoppers is Colourless.
- The green carpet for the landscape maintained by growing and mowing grasses is called a Lawn.
- The population test used when the sample size is large is called the Z-test.
- The green manure crop having both stem and root nodulation is Sesbania rostrata.
- The Green Revolution in India was initiated in 1966-67.
- The grinding of food in grasshoppers is done by the Gizzard.
- The group of organisms that convert light into food are called Autotrophs.
- The growing of more than one crop on the same land in one year is termed Multiple cropping.
- The growth habit of Chrysanthemum is Perennial.
- The growth rate of plants is measured by Auxanometer and Crescograph.
- The head of the sunflower is called Capitulum.
- The headquarters of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is located at Manila.
- The hybrid variety of pomegranate is Amlidana.
- The land equivalent ratio (LER) is calculated as LER = Yield of intercropping / Yield of sole crop.
- The hydrostatic pressure developed due to the accumulation of water absorbed by the root is called Root pressure.
- The hydrostatic pressure generated within the cell against the cell wall due to the entry of water as a result of osmosis is known as Turgor pressure.
- The hydroxides that act as cementing agents in binding soil particles together are Fe (Iron) and Al (Aluminum).
- The hypothesis under test is called the Null hypothesis.
- The agro-sylvo-pastoral system consists of Agricultural crops + Forest crops + Pasture management.
- Graded bunding is suitable for lands having slopes from 2-10%.
- The important process in cauliflower is Blanching.
- The impurity percentage of seed is known as Dockage.
- Zing tracing is adopted in lands with 3-10% slopes.
- Vertical mulching is mostly practiced in Coffee gardens.
- The highest cereals-producing state in India is Maharashtra (MH).
- The highest grape-producing state in India is Maharashtra (MH).
- The highest grown wheat species in India is Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum).
- The highest guava-producing state in India is Bihar.
- The highest natural rubber-producing state in India is Kerala.
- The highest potato-producing state in India is Uttar Pradesh (UP).
- The highest pulses and soybean producing state in India is Madhya Pradesh (MP).
- The highest rice-producing state in India is West Bengal (WB).
- The highest tomato-producing state in India is Andhra Pradesh.
- The leaf area index (LAI) is calculated as LAI = Total leaf area (m²) / Ground area (m²).
- The horizon absent in arable land is the ‘O’ horizon.
- The isolation distance prescribed for the production of hybrid paddy seeds is Foundation Class - 200 meters; Certified Class - 100 meters.
- The joint agriculture operation by farmers on a voluntary basis is called Cooperative farming.
- The Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCCS) was introduced in 1998-99.
- The land capability classes suitable for crop cultivation are Class I to III, according to USDA classification; land belonging to Class VI and VII is not suitable.
- The land holding of large farmers is defined as > 10 hectares.
- The largest tea-producing state in India is Assam.
- The lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km.
- The solar constant value is 1.94 Cal/cm²/min.
- The optimum relative humidity for silkworm rearing is 65-85%.
- The Latin roots for the word ‘extension’ are Ex and Tension.
- The Latin word “Cultura” means To Cultivate.
- The law of diminishing returns was proposed by Mitscherlich.
- The Indian-originated field crops include Arhar, Mung, Urd, Cotton, Jute, Kodo, Kutki, and Oat.
- The inherent capacity of the soil to supply nutrients to plants in adequate amounts and suitable proportions is known as Soil Fertility.
- The inorganic colloid of the soil is referred to as Clay Minerals.
- PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation) or photons are measured by a Quantum sensor.
- The unit for PAR (Photosynthetic Active Radiation) is Einstein or Watt/m².
- The insecticide rules were framed in the year 1971.
- The instrument capable of recording almost all meteorological data by desired intervals at any time and any place is called an Automatic Weather Station.
- The instrument used to determine pectin content is a Jellimeter.
- The interchange of ideas between two persons that leads to useful results is called Communication.
- The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center is known as CIMMYT, located in Mexico.
- The irreversible change in any plant part concerning size, form, weight, and volume is termed Growth.
- The main characteristic feature of an insect is Three pairs of legs.
- The main component of an English and British garden is Lawn.
- The main constituent of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) is Methane.
- The main constituent of LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is Butane.
- The main critical stages of groundnut for irrigation are Flowering stage, Pegging stage, and Pod formation stage.
- 1 ha mm = 10,000 litres of water.
- The main function of the Golgi body is Packing and transport of food materials.
- The main important feature of the Indian monsoon is Long breaks in the rainy season or Prolonged dry spells.
- The main objective of field inspection is to examine Disease incidence, Isolation distance, and Off-types.
- The main purpose of method demonstration is To provide skill.
- The main site of protein synthesis is the Ribosome.
- The main soil separates are Sand, Silt, and Clay.
- The layer between the stratosphere and mesosphere is known as the Stratopause.
- The length of the growing period suitable for growing only a single dry land crop is 14 weeks.
- The length of the growing period suitable for intercropping systems is 14 to 20 weeks.
- The letter used to send the same information to many people at the same time is called a Circular Letter.
- The licensing authority for issuing the seed dealer's license under the Essential Commodities Act is the Principal Agricultural Officer.
- The line by which all the least cost combination points are joined is known as the Expansion Path.
- The line that joins the endpoints of isoquants is called the Ridge line.
- The linoleic acid present in linseed oil constitutes 50-60%.
- The loss of water (containing salts and minerals) through hydathodes in liquid form during the night, regulated by root pressure, is called Guttation.
- The loss of water in the form of vapor from the living aerial parts of the plant is known as Transpiration.
- The main aim of maintaining isolation distance is To avoid contamination or cross-pollination
- The mean distance between Earth and Sun is 1.5 x 10^8 km.
- The mean sea level pressure is 1013.25 millibars.
- The measure of the direction and degree of asymmetry is known as Skewness.
- The mechanical manipulation of the soil is called Tillage.
- Corrugation (surface irrigation method) is suitable for close-growing crops like wheat, groundnut, etc..
- The medium range of available nitrogen in soil is 280-560 kg/ha.
- The mental process through which an individual passes from first hearing about an innovation to final adoption is called the Adoption process.
- The method in which the field is divided into strips by bunds of around 15 cm height is known as the Border strip method.
- The method used to determine available phosphorus from soil is Olsen’s method.
- The method suitable for crops such as sorghum, cotton, maize, tobacco, potato, sugarcane, etc., is the Furrow method.
- The middle stage in which chromosomes are arranged in the equatorial plate is called Metaphase.
- 1 ha cm = 100,000 litres of water.
- The main symptom of the American bollworm is larger circular bore holes with fecal pellets.
- The main symptom of Tungro disease of rice is yellowing of leaves.
- LSD is also known as two-way elimination of heterogeneity design/three-way classification of ANOVA.
- Lucknow seedless is a variety of lemon.
- Lugri is a fermented drink developed from hull-less barley grains.
- Luxury consumed nutrient by plants, such as maize, is potassium (K).
- The nutrient that increases vegetative growth of plants is nitrogen (N).
- The size and shape of fruit depend on potassium (K).
- Macro-watersheds have an area of 50,000 hectares or more.
- Mango belongs to the family Anacardiaceae.
- Isolation distance of brinjal for foundation seed is 200 meters.
- Mango is also known as the king of fruits/national fruit/bathroom fruit.
- Mango malformation is caused by Fusarium moniliformae.
- Mango malformation is common in North-West India.
- Mango malformation is controlled by NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid).
- Mango pulp is preserved by sugar.
- Mango, banana, guava, papaya, jackfruit, sapota, and apple are known as climacteric fruits.
- Mango-ginger is a spice crop.
- Manihot esculenta is the scientific name of cassava.
- Minamata disease is due to mercury toxicity.
- Manchurian classified soybean varieties based on seed color.
- A map of the genome showing relative positions of genes or markers on chromosomes is called a genetic map.
- Major export quality of a mango variety is due to its firmness.
- A major irrigation project covers an area of more than 10,000 hectares.
- Major pollutants that contribute to 90% of global air pollution are CO and CO2.
- The major portion of Indian lac is produced in Bihar.
- The major share of annual rainfall in India occurs during the southwest monsoon.
- Malabar, Mysore, and Vazhukka are cultivars of cardamom.
- Malathion is the trade name of mercaptothion.
- A male sterile line is known as an A-line.
- The male sterilization technique was suggested by E.P. Knippling.
- Mallika is a cross between Neelam and Dashehari.
- Humans cannot digest plants due to the absence of cellulose.
- Agriculture began around 7500 BC.
- Manchurian Golden is a breed of Japanese quail.
- Isolation distance of lucerne for foundation seed is 400 meters.
- Maximum permissible moisture level for bitter gourd seed is 7%.
- Maximum amount of fertilizer is applied in potato.
- Maximum concentration of urea for foliar spray is 5%.
- Maximum moisture content in paddy seed is 12%.
- The cloud found at a height of 500 meters is stratus.
- Maximum permissible percentage of acidity in squash and syrup is 3.5%.
- Maximum quantity of pesticide residue permitted in a foodstuff is called MRL (Maximum Residue Limit).
- MCU-5 and Suvin are varieties of cotton.
- MD, SD, and variance are measures of dispersion/spread.
- Mean applied when dealing with relative changes (e.g., bacterial growth, cell division, population) is geometric mean (GM).
- Mean applied when dealing with rates, prices, and speed of a vehicle is harmonic mean (HM).
- Marble is formed from limestone (metamorphic rock).
- Marconi wheat is T. durum (2n=28).
- Marconi wheat varieties include Jayraj, Meghdoot, Malvika, and HD-4530.
- "Marginal leaf gall thrips" is a pest of pepper.
- Marigold is used for the sociological control of nematodes.
- Marketable surplus is given by MS = P – C (Market Surplus = Price - Cost).
- Marshy soils are generally deficient in zinc (Zn).
- Mass flow or pressure flow theory was proposed by Ernst Munch (1930).
- Mass selection is always based on phenotype.
- Massive flights of stairs with marble are characteristic features of Italian gardens.
- Mastitis in cattle is caused by bacteria.
- Material added to reduce surface tension in insecticide formulation is emulsifier.
- Materials that cause BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) include wood, animal wastes, and sewage.
- Metacide is the trade name of methyl parathion.
- Metasystox is a systemic poison.
- "Meteorologica" is an ancient book compiled by Aristotle.
- Methods applied to prevent disease occurrence are called prophylactic methods.
- Method demonstration is a short-type demonstration.
- Method in rice cultivation is also known as the Madagascar method.
- Isolation distance of cucumber for foundation seed is 800 meters.
- The method used for the determination of lime requirement of acid soil is Shoemaker’s method.
- Methods used for handling segregating generations include pedigree, bulk, and single seed descent methods.
- Parasites and predators are examples of biological methods of insect pest control.
- Methyl demeton, strongly systemic and effective against sucking insects, is marketed as Metasystox.
- Mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency.
- Meat Products India Ltd. is located at Koothattukulam.
- Mechanical analysis of soil is estimated by Stock’s law.
- The mechanization index is highest in wheat crop (30%).
- Medium-range forecasting is meant for 3-10 days.
- "Mehsana" is a breed of buffalo.
- The term meiosis was first given by J.B. Farmer (1905).
- Meloidogyne spp. is commonly known as root knot nematode.
- Melting quality is high in the marigold variety "Rekha."
- Mendel was born on July 22, 1822.
- Mendel worked on 7 contrasting characters of the garden pea.
- Mendelian population is also known as a random mating population.
- Meristem culture is a method of tissue culture.
- The meristem culture technique was developed by George Morel & Martin (1952).
- The direction from which the winds are coming is known as the windward side. This term is often used in meteorology and geography to describe the side of an area that faces the wind.
- For regular cultivation, the land capability classes used are typically I, II, and III classes. These classes indicate varying degrees of land suitability for agricultural production, with Class I being the most suitable.
- Agronomic measures to reduce erosion are recommended when the slope of the land is less than 2%. Practices might include cover cropping, crop rotation, and minimal tillage.
- Bench terracing is usually practiced on slopes ranging from 16-33% to reduce soil erosion and improve water retention by creating flat areas on sloped land.
- The family of tobacco is Solanaceae, which is commonly known as the nightshade family.
- The family of jute is Tiliaceae, which includes several important fiber-producing plants.
- The family of sesame is Pedaliaceae, known for its oil-rich seeds.
- The family of castor is Euphorbiaceae, which includes a variety of flowering plants, some of which are used for oil production.
- The crop family that is more exhaustive (high nutrient demand) is Graminae (or Poaceae), which includes cereals and grasses.
- Tobacco is classified as a Kharif crop. The mention of Rabi crop is incorrect, as tobacco is primarily grown in warmer, wetter seasons.
- The origin of maize (corn) is Mexico, where it was first domesticated.
- The origin of soybean is China, which is one of the largest producers of soybeans today.
- The origin of the potato is Peru (South America), where it was first cultivated by indigenous peoples.
- The origin of tobacco is in Mexico and Central America, where it was used by native populations long before European contact.
- The state with the highest area of summer maize is Bihar, known for its extensive maize cultivation during the summer season.
- The highest consumption of K (potassium) fertilizer in India occurs in Maharashtra, reflecting its extensive agricultural activities.
- The highest area of cereals in India is primarily occupied by rice and wheat, which are staple crops in the country.
- The highest production of cereals in the world is in wheat, which is a staple food crop globally.
- De suckering is a process related to tobacco production, where excess suckers (unwanted shoots) are removed to improve yield and quality.
- The Harvest Index is typically low in pulses compared to other crops, reflecting their higher biomass relative to grain yield.
- The weight of 100 seeds is known as the seed index, a measure used to evaluate seed quality.
- The weight of 1000 seeds is referred to as test weight, which is an important parameter in seed quality assessment.
- Dockage refers to the percentage of impurities present in a grain sample, including foreign materials and non-seed matter.
- The seed known as the mother seed is breeder seed. Breeder seeds are the initial generation of seeds produced by plant breeders, which are used to produce foundation seeds.
- Cyperus rotundus is classified as an absolute weed. It is a perennial weed known for its ability to thrive in various conditions and is difficult to control.
- The state where seed laws are adopted is Karnataka. The state has implemented regulations to ensure the quality and standardization of seeds.
- The weed that was first biologically controlled is Lantana camara. This invasive weed was targeted for biological control using specific insects that feed on it.
- The trade name of Alachlor, a pre-emergent herbicide, is Lasso. It is commonly used for weed control in various crops.
- The trade name of Butachlor is Machete, another herbicide used to control grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in rice fields.
- The trade name of Nitrofen is Toke, which is also a herbicide used for controlling weeds in various crops.
- The trade name of Fluchloralin is Basalin, a pre-emergent herbicide used to control weeds in crops such as soybeans and cotton.
- The trade name of Propanil is Stam F-34, a post-emergent herbicide used primarily in rice cultivation.
- The trade name of Pendimethalin is Stomp, a pre-emergent herbicide effective against a wide range of weeds.
- The total root parasite is Orobanche, commonly known as broomrape, which attaches to the roots of host plants and derives nutrients from them.
- The total stem parasite is Cuscuta, also known as dodder, which wraps around host plants and absorbs nutrients.
- A semi-root parasite is Striga, which partially relies on host plants for nutrients but can also photosynthesize.
- A semi-stem parasite is Loranthus, which attaches to host plants and extracts water and nutrients while still maintaining some photosynthetic capability.
- Orobanche is also known as broomrape, which refers to its characteristic appearance and parasitic behavior.
- Striga is also known as witchweed, a name reflecting its detrimental effects on agricultural crops.
- Host crops of Orobanche include tobacco, chili, brinjal, and potato, all of which can be affected by this parasite.
- Host plants of Striga include sorghum, maize, sugarcane, and sunflower, making it a significant pest in these crops.
- Cuscuta is associated with the lucerne crop (alfalfa), where it often infests and affects plant health.
- The horizontal flow of water in a channel is referred to as seepage, which is important in understanding water movement in soils and aquifers.
- The vertical movement of water in soil is known as percolation, a key process in soil water dynamics and irrigation.
- The PF value (permeability function) was first introduced by Schofield, who contributed significantly to soil physics and hydrology.
- Soil moisture tension is directly measured by a tensiometer. This instrument helps assess the moisture level in the soil, which is crucial for irrigation management.
- A lysimeter is used for the measurement of evapo-transpiration. It quantifies the amount of water lost from the soil surface and plant surfaces through evaporation and transpiration.
- A Parshall flume is used for the measurement of water flow. This device allows for accurate measurement of open channel flow and is commonly used in irrigation systems.
- The flooding irrigation method is commonly used for rice cultivation. This method involves inundating the fields, which is suitable for rice's water requirements.
- Fertilizer application through irrigation is known as fertigation. This practice allows for efficient nutrient delivery to crops through the irrigation system.
- An important cultural practice in rice fields is puddling. This involves wet tillage to create a saturated soil layer that helps retain water and control weeds.
- A power tiller is most suitable for the cultivation of paddy. This mechanized tool helps in land preparation and is effective in wet conditions.
- Post-harvest losses for cereals account for approximately 10% of the total production. These losses can result from handling, storage, and processing issues.
- Salatation is a process associated with wind erosion. It involves the movement of soil particles by wind, which can lead to land degradation.
- A highly salt-tolerant cereal crop is barley. It is capable of growing in saline soils and is often used in areas with high salinity.
- The irrigation efficiency of loam soil is approximately 70%. This means that 70% of the water applied is effectively used by the crop.
- In saline soils, the method for irrigation typically used is the flood method. This helps to manage salinity levels by leaching excess salts from the soil.
- A crop grown between the main crop is referred to as an intercrop. This practice can improve overall yield and resource utilization.
- The sowing pattern used in dryland farming is broadcasting. This method involves scattering seeds over the soil surface rather than planting them in rows.
- Crop lodging was first observed and studied in sugarcane. This phenomenon occurs when plants fall over due to weak stems or adverse weather.
- The most efficient method of irrigation is drip irrigation. This technique delivers water directly to the plant roots, minimizing wastage and improving water use efficiency.
- The extensively grown pulse crop in India is chickpea. It is an important source of protein for millions and plays a significant role in the agricultural economy.
- Relative humidity is measured using a psychrometer. This instrument consists of two thermometers and provides information about the moisture content in the air.
- Crops grown specifically to conserve soil moisture are known as mulch crops. These crops help to retain soil moisture and improve soil health.
- The scientific name of rice is Oryza sativa. This species is the most widely cultivated food crop globally.
- The family of rice is Graminae (or Poaceae). This family includes all grasses and many other important cereal crops.
- The origin of rice is traced back to Southeast Asia, where it was first domesticated and cultivated.
- The sowing time of Aus/Autumn rice is typically March – April. This season is crucial for rice cultivation in certain regions of India.
- The sowing time of Aman rice occurs in May - June. Aman rice is usually planted during the pre-monsoon season.
- The sowing time of Boro rice is from December – January. Boro rice is primarily grown during the winter months in irrigated conditions.
- Aman rice is also known as Kharif/winter rice. It is cultivated during the Kharif season, which corresponds with the monsoon.
- Boro rice is referred to as summer rice. It is grown in the post-monsoon period, often in irrigated fields.
- Lodging does not typically occur in Japonica rice. This variety is generally more resistant to lodging compared to others.
- The inflorescence of rice is known as a panicle. This structure holds the rice grains and is essential for reproduction.
- The hull of rice is a combination of lemma + palea together. These are the outer protective layers of the rice grain.
- The test weight of rice grain is approximately 25 gm. This weight indicates the density and quality of the rice.
- Rice is classified as a self-pollinated and short-day plant. This means it can pollinate itself and has specific light requirements for flowering.
- The cardinal temperature of rice ranges from 30-32°C. This temperature range is optimal for growth and development.
- The hulling percentage of rice is typically between 70-75%. This indicates the proportion of whole grains obtained after milling.
- The first developed rice variety is T.N. – 1. It was one of the early high-yielding varieties introduced.
- Jagannath is a mutant variety of T.N. – 1. This variety has specific traits beneficial for cultivation.
- The world’s first high-yielding variety (dwarf) of rice developed by IARI is Pusa Basmati – 2. This variety significantly increased rice production.
- The maximum rice exporter in the world is Thailand. The country is well-known for its high-quality rice.
- The highest productivity of rice in the world is found in Japan. Japanese rice cultivation practices are highly efficient.
- The hybrid rice released by a private organization is PHB – 71. This hybrid has been developed to increase yield potential.
- The most critical stage for water in rice cultivation is the booting stage. Adequate water during this stage is essential for grain development.
- Seedlings ready for transplanting in the Depog method are typically ready on the 12th day. This method helps in preparing strong seedlings for transplanting.
- The best biofertilizer for rice is Azolla. This aquatic fern improves nitrogen availability and enhances soil fertility.
- The fruit of rice is known as caryopsis. This term refers to a type of dry fruit where the seed is fused with the fruit wall.
- The widely used nitrogenous fertilizer in rice cultivation is ammonium sulfate. This fertilizer provides a readily available source of nitrogen.
- The most dominant weed species in rice fields is Echinochloa sp. This genus includes several species known to be problematic in rice cultivation.
- White eye of rice is caused by iron deficiency. This condition leads to poor growth and reduced yields.
- The gas emitted from rice fields is primarily methane. This greenhouse gas is produced during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in flooded rice fields.
- Akiochi disease in rice is caused by the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in the soil. This gas is toxic to plants and can severely affect rice growth.
- The highest nitrogen losses in rice fields occur through the process of denitrification. This microbial process converts nitrates into nitrogen gas, which is lost to the atmosphere.
- The Paira and Utera cropping systems are closely related to rice cultivation. These systems involve growing rice in combination with other crops.
- Puddler and puddling are terms associated with rice cultivation, referring to the process of preparing the field by wet tillage to create a flooded environment conducive for rice growth.
- Parboiling of rice helps conserve vitamin B12. This process involves soaking, steaming, and drying the rice, which retains nutrients.
- The seed rate in the Depog method for rice is approximately 3-4 kg/m². This method ensures optimal seed density for healthy plant growth.
- The area required for seedling preparation in the Depog method is around 25-30 m². This space is necessary to grow healthy seedlings for transplanting.
- The miracle rice of India is known as Jaya. This variety contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India by enhancing yield.
- The gene responsible for dwarfness in rice is the Dee-Gee-Woo gene. This genetic trait is associated with shorter plant height and improved yield stability.
- The spacing for sowing seedlings of rice is typically 20 x 10 cm. This spacing allows for adequate growth and nutrient uptake.
- Wheat:
- The botanical name of wheat is Triticum aestivum. This species is commonly cultivated for its grain.
- The origin of wheat is traced back to Southwest Asia. It was one of the first crops domesticated by humans.
- The state with the highest production of wheat in India is Uttar Pradesh. This state plays a crucial role in India's wheat production.
- The state with the highest productivity of wheat is Punjab. Intensive farming practices contribute to its high yields.
- Macaroni wheat is known as exported wheat. This type of wheat is primarily used for making pasta and is produced in specific regions.
- Emmer wheat is referred to by its scientific name T. dicoccum. It is an ancient type of wheat cultivated in various regions.
- A suitable late-sown variety of wheat is Sonalika. This variety is adapted to different sowing times and environmental conditions.