• A plant hormone used for rooting is IBA (Indole-3-butyric Acid).
  • A plant requiring less than 12 hours of daylight is a Short Day Plant (e.g., tobacco, cotton, rice, chrysanthemum, soybean, etc.).
  • A plant that closes stomata during the daytime and opens at night to collect CO2 is Pineapple (CAM - Crassulacean Acid Metabolism).
  • A practice of turning undecomposed fresh green plant tissue into the soil to improve fertility status and physical structure of the soil is called Green Manuring.
  • An insect predatory larva on lac encrustation in the field is Holcocera.
  • A primary mineral containing potassium is Feldspar.
  • The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called Diffusion.
  • A process in which a branch of a plant is cut off to produce a flush of new shoots is known as Pollarding.
  • A process of deciding in the present what to do in the future about the best combination of crops and livestock to be raised is called Farm Planning.
  • A natural warming process involving the interaction of sunlight and carbon dioxide and other gases from the atmosphere is known as the Greenhouse Effect.
  • A non-selective herbicide is Glyphosate.
  • A nut with no cholesterol is Nutmeg.
  • A plant with yellow flowers is Allamanda cathartica.
  • A parasite feeding on a primary parasite is termed a Secondary Parasite.
  • A partial substitute for petroleum diesel is Biodiesel.
  • A period of four consecutive weeks from May to mid-October or six consecutive weeks during the rest of the year is referred to as Agricultural Drought.
  • A pest causing 5% to 10% crop loss is termed a Minor Pest.
  • A pest causing less than 5% crop loss is termed a Negligible Pest.
  • A pest causing more than 10% crop loss is termed a Major Pest.
  • A pigment responsible for the red color in tomatoes is Lycopene.
  • A plant hormone in gaseous state is Ethylene.
  • The first Indian Director of IARI was Dr. B. Vishwanath.
  • The Father of Modern Plant Pathology is Anton de Bary.
  • The Bordeaux mixture was developed by P.M.A. Millardet.
  • Wart disease of potato is caused by Synchytrium endobioticum.
  • Nitrogen fixation in rice fields is carried out by the blue-green algae Azolla.
  • The total area of India is 3,287,263 sq. km.
  • The forest area in India is approximately 19.39%.
  • India tops in the sugar production of rice.
  • The state with the highest production of rice in India is West Bengal.
  • The leading sugar producer state in India is Uttar Pradesh.
  • The most critical stage during the growth of wheat is the CRI stage.
  • Urea contains 46% of nitrogen.
  • Pusa Ruby is a variety of tomato.
  • The net sown area of India is 143 million hectares.
  • The gross cropped area of India is 193 million hectares.
  • KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) was recommended by the Mohan Singh Mehta Committee.
  • The inflorescence of sugarcane is known as the arrow.
  • The red color of tomato is due to lycopene.
  • The richest source of Vitamin C is Barbadose cherry.
  • The Indian scientist who shared the World Food Prize for miracle maize is Dr. Surinder K. Vasal.
  • A power tiller is most suitable for the cultivation of paddy.
  • Harvesting of paddy is done at a moisture content of 21-23%.
  • The National Seed Corporation was established in the year 1963.
  • The Seed Act was passed in 1966.
  • Loose smut of wheat is internally seed borne.
  • The TZ test is done for viability and vigor of seeds.
  • The establishment of NABARD occurred on 12th July 1982.
  • Cereals are deficient in the amino acid lysine.
  • The harvest index is calculated as (Economic yield / Biological yield) × 100.
  • Kresek in rice is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae.
  • The grassy shoot disease of sugarcane is caused by mycoplasma.
  • Bunchy top of banana is caused by a virus.
  • The leading oilseed crop in production is groundnut (33%).
  • The state with the highest production of soybean in India is Madhya Pradesh.
  • The leading producer of coffee in India is Karnataka.
  •  The site of protein synthesis in cells is ribosomes.
  • Operation Flood is related to dairy development.
  • Bunch terracing is done when the slope is more than 15%.
  • Mass per unit volume is called bulk density.
  • A disc plough is used when the soil is tough.
  • Post-harvest losses for cereals account for 10% of total production.
  • The National Seed Act was passed in the year 1966.
  • ICAR was initiated as per the recommendation of the Royal Commission on Agriculture 1925.
  • The mango variety suitable for high-density planting is Amrapali.
  • Mango Malika is a cross between Nellam and Dashari.
  • T&V was first started in Rajasthan.
  • The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences is published by ICAR.
  • The design to be followed for one directional fertility gradient is RBD (Randomized Block Design).
  • The distribution where the standard deviation is equal to the square root of the mean is Poisson.
  • The maximum contribution of the crop to the production of cereals in the country is from rice.
  • The highest sugarcane yield per hectare is in the state of Tamil Nadu.
  • The distribution of mean, median, and mode is a normal distribution.
  • The nursery area required for seedlings of rice for one hectare field is 0.10 ha.
  • Marble is a metamorphic rock.
  • The time duration for the adsali crop of sugarcane is 18 months.
  • Crossing over occurs in the pachytene stage.
  • The first man-made cereal is triticale.
  • Triticale is a cross of wheat and rye.
  • Interveinal chlorosis occurs due to Fe deficiency.
  • A saline-tolerant fruit crop is date palm.
  • The optimum pH for rice is 4–6 pH.
  • Dead heart and white ear are associated with the crop rice.
  • The formula of urea is CO(NH₂)₂.
  • MOP contains 58–60% K₂O.
  • The fruit ripening hormone is ethylene.
  • Water use efficiency is highest in CAM plants.
  • The ooze test is done for detecting bacteria.
  • The maximum arable land in the country is in Australia.
  • Malathion is a systemic organophosphate insecticide.
  • The family of sugarcane is Poaceae (Gramineae).
  • The most widely grown rabi pulse crop is bengal gram.
  • The unit of rural society is a village.
  • The fruit type of guava is a berry.
  • The term genetics was coined by Bateson.
  • Sodic soils are reclaimed by gypsum.
  • I.I.S.R. is situated at Lucknow.
  • IPGRI is situated in Italy, Rome.
  • The proportion of sand, silt, and clay is known as soil texture.
  • The cheapest nitrogen-containing fertilizer is urea.
  • The total land capability classes are 8.
  • The bacteria that change nitrite to nitrate are Nitrobacter.
  • The botanical name of groundnut is Arachis hypogaea. This legume is commonly known as peanut.
  • The origin of groundnut is believed to be in Brazil. It has been cultivated for thousands of years in various parts of the world.
  • The state with the largest production of groundnut in India is Gujarat. This state has favorable conditions for groundnut cultivation.
  • The shelling percentage of groundnut is approximately 70%. This percentage indicates the proportion of the seed that can be extracted from the pod.
  • The oil percentage in groundnut is typically 40-45%. Groundnut oil is widely used in cooking and food preparation.
  • The nitrogen percentage in groundnut cake (the residue left after oil extraction) is around 7-8%. This makes it a valuable source of protein for animal feed.
  • The best soil for groundnut cultivation is sandy soil. This type of soil provides good drainage and aeration, which are important for root development.
  • The recommended seed rate for groundnut is 100-120 kg/ha. This ensures optimal plant density for good yield.
  • The spacing for groundnut planting is 30 x 10 cm. This spacing allows for proper growth and air circulation between plants.
  • The high-yielding type of groundnut is the spreading type, which is often late maturing. This variety can cover more ground and produce a higher yield.
  • The chromosomal theory of inheritance, formulated in 1903, was developed by Sutton and Boveri. This theory states that genes are located on chromosomes, and these chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis.
  • The term genetics was first coined by William Bateson in 1905. Bateson is often credited with establishing the field of genetics as a distinct area of biological study.
  • The term chromosome was first named by Waldayer. The word is derived from the Greek words "chroma" meaning color and "soma" meaning body, as chromosomes are stained and visible under a microscope.
  • Muller was the first to use X-rays as a method for inducing mutations in organisms. His work demonstrated that radiation could cause genetic changes, leading to advancements in genetic research.
  • Lines that are homozygous and homogenous in nature are referred to as pure lines. These lines are genetically uniform, meaning they possess identical alleles for specific traits.
  • Allohexaploidy is found in wheat. This type of polyploidy arises from the hybridization of different species followed by chromosome doubling, resulting in a six-set chromosome complement.
  • Autopolyploidy is found in crops like sugarcane, cotton, and brassica. This form of polyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes from the same species.
  • Autotetraploidy is found in potato and coffee. It involves the duplication of the diploid chromosome set, resulting in four sets of chromosomes from the same species.
  • Autotriploidy is found in banana. Triploidy occurs when an organism has three sets of chromosomes, often leading to sterility and seedlessness in cultivated varieties.
  • Two lines that differ for a single locus are called isogenic lines. These lines are nearly identical genetically except for variations at a specific genetic locus.
  • If an embryo originates from an unfertilized egg, the process is called parthenogenesis. This form of asexual reproduction occurs in some plants and animals.
  • The development of fruit without fertilization is termed parthenocarpy. This process results in seedless fruits and is utilized in agriculture for certain crops.
  • A change in the genome concerning individual chromosomes is referred to as aneuploidy. This condition involves an abnormal number of chromosomes, leading to various genetic disorders.
  • The process of repeatedly crossing hybrid progeny back to one of its parents is known as a back cross. This technique is used in breeding to enhance specific traits.
  • If a single gene governs multiple traits, it is referred to as pleiotropy. This phenomenon occurs when one gene influences several phenotypic traits.
  • Apomixis is the process where embryo development occurs without fertilization. This reproductive strategy allows plants to produce seeds that are genetically identical to the parent.
  • The first interspecific cross was made by Thomas Fairchild. This work in the 18th century demonstrated the possibility of hybridization between different species.
  • N.E. Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1970 for his contributions to the Green Revolution, particularly for developing high-yielding varieties of wheat.
  • The father of hybrid cotton is considered to be C.T. Patel. His research significantly advanced hybrid cotton production, improving yields and resistance to pests.
  • The first hybrid of rice was developed by Y.L. Ping in China. This hybrid rice was crucial in increasing rice productivity.
  • The first transgenic plant was developed by Fraley in 1983, specifically a variety of tobacco. This marked the beginning of genetic engineering in plants.
  • The laws of heredity were first discovered by Gregor Mendel. His work with pea plants laid the foundation for modern genetics.
  • Tift 60 is an important source of male sterility in sorghum. This male sterility is utilized in hybrid seed production to ensure controlled cross-pollination.
  • The term germplasm was first introduced by August Weismann. Germplasm refers to the genetic material of an organism that is used for breeding and conservation.
  • The concept of centers of origin was first proposed by Nikolai Vavilov. He identified geographic regions where specific crops originated and developed, emphasizing the importance of genetic diversity.
  • The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) was established in 1976 in India. It is responsible for the conservation and management of plant genetic resources.
  • The term genetic resources was coined by H. J. Frankel. This term encompasses all genetic material that has value for breeding and conservation efforts.
  • The term parthenogenesis was coined by Richard Owen. Parthenogenesis refers to a type of asexual reproduction where an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg.
  • The development of seed by self-pollination is referred to as autogamy. In autogamy, the pollen from the same flower fertilizes its ovules.
  • Crops that are often cross-pollinated include cotton, sorghum, and pigeon pea (P. pea). These crops require pollen from a different individual for fertilization and seed production.
  • The concept of pure line theory was developed by H. J. Johansen. This theory states that a pure line is a genetically homogeneous line derived from repeated self-fertilization.
  • The term heterosis was coined by George Shull. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, refers to the phenomenon where hybrid offspring exhibit superior qualities compared to their parents.
  • Jagannath is a mutant variety of rice. It is known for its specific characteristics, including improved traits over traditional varieties.
  • A nullisomic individual is represented by 2n - 2. Nullisomy refers to the absence of a pair of homologous chromosomes in a diploid organism.
  • The discovery of the chromosome is credited to Eduard Strasburger. He was one of the key figures in early cytology and contributed significantly to the understanding of cell division and genetics.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is the first step in the process of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate.
  • The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle) and the electron transport chain (ETC) occur in the mitochondria. This is where the bulk of ATP production occurs during aerobic respiration.
  • Glycolysis is considered an anaerobic reaction because it does not require oxygen to occur. It can take place in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
  • The total ATP synthesis from one molecule of glucose during respiration is 36 ATP (net gain) and 38 ATP (gross yield). This accounts for ATP produced during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
  • The total ATP synthesis in glycolysis is 8 ATP, but the net gain is 2 ATP. This is because 2 ATP molecules are used in the initial steps of glycolysis, while 4 ATP molecules are produced.
  • The Krebs cycle is also referred to as the citric acid cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. It is a series of reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy.
  • The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate. Two molecules of pyruvate are produced for each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis.
  • The Krebs cycle starts with acetyl CoA combining with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which is then processed through a series of enzymatic reactions.
  • The energy content of a molecule of glucose is approximately 684 Kcal. This value represents the amount of energy released when glucose is completely oxidized in cellular respiration.